Long-term management of Parkinson's disease using levodopa combinations.

INTRODUCTION

Parkinson's disease is a chronic, neurodegenerative disease. Its symptoms and course are heterogeneous. After several years of investigative drug studies, levodopa remains the most efficacious drug despite its long-term limitations. Consequently, research into new drug delivery modes is ongoing.

AREAS COVERED

This review summarizes past and current advances of levodopa therapy with a focus on long-term patient management. Current research aims to increase drug bioavailability and to deliver it to the brain continuously. Reduced fluctuations improve drug efficacy and levodopa-associated motor complications. Less considered metabolic long-term consequences of levodopa are impaired methylation capacity and antioxidant defense. Both may contribute to disease progression and weaken physiological available human neuronal repair mechanisms.

EXPERT OPINION

New developed formulations will improve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior. The authors suggest the regular supplementation with methyl group-donating and free radical scavenging substrates to weaken the metabolic consequences of chronic and high levodopa dosing. Many patients perform this nutrient supplementation in their diet already.