University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Oct 15;639:1290-1310. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.260. Epub 2018 May 26.
Ambient inhalable particulate matter (PM) is a serious health concern worldwide, but especially so in China where high PM concentrations affect huge populations. Atmospheric processes and emission sources cause spatial and temporal variations in PM concentration and chemical composition, but their influence on the toxicological characteristics of PM are still inadequately understood. In this study, we report an extensive chemical and toxicological characterization of size-segregated urban air inhalable PM collected in August and October 2013 from Nanjing, and assess the effects of atmospheric processes and likely emission sources. A549 human alveolar epithelial cells were exposed to day- and nighttime PM samples (25, 75, 150, 200, 300 μg/ml) followed by analyses of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, cell cycle, and inflammatory response. PM and PM caused the greatest toxicological responses for different endpoints, illustrating that particles with differing size and chemical composition activate distinct toxicological pathways in A549 cells. PM displayed the greatest oxidative stress and genotoxic responses; both were higher for the August samples compared with October. In contrast, PM and PM samples displayed high cytotoxicity and substantially disrupted cell cycle; August samples were more cytotoxic whereas October samples displayed higher cell cycle disruption. Several components associated with combustion, traffic, and industrial emissions displayed strong correlations with these toxicological responses. The lower responses for PM compared to PM and PM indicate diminished toxicological effects likely due to aerosol aging and lower proportion of fresh emission particles rich in highly reactive chemical components in the PM fraction. Different emission sources and atmospheric processes caused variations in the chemical composition and toxicological responses between PM fractions, sampling campaigns, and day and night. The results indicate different toxicological pathways for coarse-mode particles compared to the smaller particle fractions with typically higher content of combustion-derived components. The variable responses inside PM fractions demonstrate that differences in chemical composition influence the induced toxicological responses.
环境可吸入颗粒物（PM）是一个严重的健康问题，在全球范围内，尤其是在中国，高浓度的 PM 影响着庞大的人口。大气过程和排放源导致 PM 浓度和化学成分的时空变化，但它们对 PM 毒理学特性的影响仍未得到充分理解。在这项研究中，我们报告了对 2013 年 8 月和 10 月从南京采集的按粒径分级的城市大气可吸入 PM 进行的广泛的化学和毒理学特征描述，并评估了大气过程和可能的排放源的影响。A549 人肺泡上皮细胞暴露于日间和夜间 PM 样品（25、75、150、200、300μg/ml），然后分析细胞毒性、遗传毒性、细胞周期和炎症反应。结果表明，具有不同大小和化学成分的颗粒会激活 A549 细胞中不同的毒理学途径，不同的 PM 样品对不同终点的毒性反应最大。PM 显示出最大的氧化应激和遗传毒性反应；与 10 月相比，8 月的样品更高。相比之下，PM 和 PM 样品显示出高细胞毒性和显著的细胞周期紊乱；8 月的样品细胞毒性更强，而 10 月的样品细胞周期紊乱程度更高。与燃烧、交通和工业排放有关的几个成分与这些毒性反应有很强的相关性。与 PM 和 PM 相比，PM 的毒性反应较低，这表明由于气溶胶老化和富含高反应性化学成分的新鲜排放颗粒比例较低，PM 部分的毒性作用减弱。不同的排放源和大气过程导致 PM 各部分、采样活动以及白天和黑夜之间的化学成分和毒理学反应存在差异。结果表明，粗颗粒模式的不同排放源和大气过程导致 PM 各部分、采样活动以及白天和黑夜之间的化学成分和毒理学反应存在差异。结果表明，粗颗粒模式的不同排放源和大气过程导致粗颗粒模式的不同排放源和大气过程导致粗颗粒模式的不同毒性途径与较小颗粒部分相比，后者通常含有更多的燃烧衍生成分。PM 各部分的可变反应表明，化学成分的差异会影响诱导的毒理学反应。
