Centre for Globalisation and Sustainability Research, Multimedia University Melaka, 75450, Cyberjaya, Malaysia.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Sep;25(25):24845-24859. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-2562-5. Epub 2018 Jun 21.
This study aims to contribute to the existing literature by looking at the influence of foreign direct investment on carbon dioxide emissions, carbon footprint, and ecological footprint. In order to realize the aim of this study, we have utilized the augmented mean group estimator, which is supported by common correlated effect mean group estimator in the analysis for 20 countries. The panel results reveal that foreign direct investment has no effect on environmental degradation indicators. The panel results further reveal that gross domestic product, energy consumption, and urbanization are the main contributors to environmental degradation. The results at country level show that foreign direct investment and urbanization increase pollution in the developing countries while they mitigate pollution in the developed countries. Moreover, gross domestic product and energy consumption increase pollution for both developed and developing countries, which includes China and the USA. The negative impact of foreign direct investment on environmental degradation in the developed countries can be explained on the basis that these countries have strong environmental regulations, which makes it almost impossible for dirty foreign industries to invest therein. From the output of this research, several policy recommendations are enumerated for the investigated countries.
这项研究旨在通过考察外国直接投资对二氧化碳排放、碳足迹和生态足迹的影响，为现有文献做出贡献。为了实现本研究的目标，我们利用了扩展均值组估计量，该估计量在对 20 个国家的分析中得到了共同相关效应均值组估计量的支持。面板结果表明，外国直接投资对环境退化指标没有影响。面板结果进一步表明，国内生产总值、能源消耗和城市化是环境退化的主要原因。国家层面的结果表明，外国直接投资和城市化增加了发展中国家的污染，而减少了发达国家的污染。此外，国内生产总值和能源消耗增加了发达国家和发展中国家的污染，其中包括中国和美国。外国直接投资对发达国家环境退化的负面影响可以解释为这些国家拥有严格的环境法规，这使得污染严重的外国产业几乎不可能在这些国家投资。根据这项研究的结果，为调查国家列举了几项政策建议。
