Faculty of Business, Multimedia University, 75450, Melaka, Malaysia.
Montpellier Business School, Montpellier, France.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Aug;25(23):22641-22657. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-2392-5. Epub 2018 May 30.
The aim of this research is to explore the effect of biomass energy consumption on CO emissions in 80 developed and developing countries. To achieve robustness, the system generalised method of moment was used and several control variables were incorporated into the model including real GDP, fossil fuel consumption, hydroelectricity production, urbanisation, population, foreign direct investment, financial development, institutional quality and the Kyoto protocol. Relying on the classification of the World Bank, the countries were categorised to developed and developing countries. We also used a dynamic common correlated effects estimator. The results consistently show that biomass energy as well as fossil fuel consumption generate more CO emissions. A closer look at the results show that a 100% increase in biomass consumption (tonnes per capita) will increase CO emissions (metric tons per capita) within the range of 2 to 47%. An increase of biomass energy intensity (biomass consumption in tonnes divided by real gross domestic product) of 100% will increase CO emissions (metric tons per capita) within the range of 4 to 47%. An increase of fossil fuel consumption (tonnes of oil equivalent per capita) by 100% will increase CO emissions (metric tons per capita) within the range of 35 to 55%. The results further show that real GDP urbanisation and population increase CO emissions. However, hydroelectricity and institutional quality decrease CO emissions. It is further observed that financial development, foreign direct investment and openness decrease CO emissions in the developed countries, but the opposite results are found for the developing nations. The results also show that the Kyoto Protocol reduces emission and that Environmental Kuznets Curve exists. Among the policy implications of the foregoing results is the necessity of substituting fossil fuels with other types of renewable energy (such as hydropower) rather than biomass energy for reduction of emission to be achieved.
本研究旨在探讨生物质能源消费对 80 个发达国家和发展中国家二氧化碳排放的影响。为了实现稳健性，我们使用了系统广义矩方法，并将实际 GDP、化石燃料消费、水电生产、城市化、人口、外国直接投资、金融发展、制度质量和《京都议定书》等几个控制变量纳入模型。根据世界银行的分类，我们将这些国家分为发达国家和发展中国家。我们还使用了动态共同相关效应估计量。结果一致表明，生物质能源和化石燃料消费都会产生更多的二氧化碳排放。进一步观察结果表明，生物质消费（人均吨数）增加 100%将导致二氧化碳排放（人均吨数）增加 2%至 47%。生物质能源强度（生物质消费除以实际国内生产总值）增加 100%将导致二氧化碳排放（人均吨数）增加 4%至 47%。化石燃料消费（人均石油当量吨数）增加 100%将导致二氧化碳排放（人均吨数）增加 35%至 55%。结果还表明，实际 GDP、城市化和人口增长会增加二氧化碳排放。然而，水电和制度质量会减少二氧化碳排放。进一步观察到，金融发展、外国直接投资和开放度会降低发达国家的二氧化碳排放，但发展中国家则出现相反的结果。结果还表明，《京都议定书》减少了排放，并且存在环境库兹涅茨曲线。上述结果的政策含义之一是，为了实现减排，有必要用其他类型的可再生能源（如水电）替代化石燃料，而不是生物质能源。
