Cardiovascular pathophysiology of essential hypertension: a clue to therapy.

Arterial hypertension is by definition a haemodynamic disorder. At least 3 different subsets of cardiovascular pathophysiological features can be identified in so-called essential hypertension: The young lean patient characterised by an elevated cardiac output and renal blood flow, elevated plasma renin activity and circulating catecholamine levels, as well as symptoms and signs of hyperadrenergic hypertension. The elderly patient characterised by a low cardiac output often with left ventricular hypertrophy, elevated total peripheral resistance, nephrosclerosis, and symptoms and signs of target organ disease. The obese patient (and to a lesser degree the black patient) characterised by expanded fluid volume state, elevated cardiac output, a normal to low total peripheral resistance, and symptoms and signs of volume overload. To initiate antihypertensive therapy, the drug of choice in the young patient is a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker; in the elderly it is a haemodynamic vasodilator (anti-adrenergic drug, slow channel calcium blocker, or converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor), and in black or obese patients it remains a thiazide diuretic. Enalapril, a new ACE inhibitor is indicated as a first-step agent in the great majority of hypertensive patients in whom the elevated arterial pressure should be reduced by a decrease in total peripheral resistance, without compromising systemic or regional blood flow. In contrast to other antihypertensive agents, enalapril will lower preload and afterload to the left ventricle while improving systemic and regional flow in elderly patients with latent or manifest congestive heart failure.