Grasgruber Pavel, Hrazdira Eduard, Sebera Martin, Kalina Tomas
Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.
Front Oncol. 2018 Jun 13;8:151. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00151. eCollection 2018.
The aim of this work was to offer an ecological alternative to conventional observational studies and identify factors potentially associated with cancer incidence in Europe. The incidence of 24 types of cancer in 39 European countries (2012) was compared with a long-term mean supply of 68 food items from the FAOSTAT database (1993-2011) and some other variables such as smoking, body mass index, raised cholesterol, and socioeconomic indicators. In addition to simple Pearson linear correlations, the data were analyzed factor analyses and penalized regression methods. This comparison identified two main groups of cancers that are characteristically associated with the same variables. The first group consists of cancers of the prostate, breast, white blood cells, and melanoma. Their incidence increases with rising gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, a prevalence of raised cholesterol and a high intake of animal products. The second group includes primarily cancers of the digestive tract and is most consistently correlated with alcoholic beverages, lard, and eggs. In addition, we found specific correlations between certain variables and some other types of cancer (smoking-lung and larynx cancer; low GDP per capita and high carbohydrate consumption-stomach and cervical cancer; tea drinking-esophageal cancer; maize consumption and wine drinking-liver cancer). The documented findings often remarkably agree with the current scientific consensus, and when combined with evidence based on different methodologies, they can further extend our knowledge of the etiology of cancer. In addition, our study also identifies several foods with possible preventive effects and indicates that various dairy products may markedly differ in their relationship to cancer incidence. All these data can potentially be of fundamental importance for clinical practice and the survival of cancer patients.
这项工作的目的是提供一种有别于传统观察性研究的生态学方法，并确定欧洲与癌症发病率潜在相关的因素。将39个欧洲国家（2012年）24种癌症的发病率与粮农组织统计数据库（1993 - 2011年）中68种食品的长期平均供应量以及其他一些变量（如吸烟、体重指数、胆固醇升高和社会经济指标）进行比较。除了简单的皮尔逊线性相关性分析外，还使用因子分析和惩罚回归方法对数据进行了分析。这种比较确定了两组主要的癌症，它们分别与相同的变量有特征性关联。第一组包括前列腺癌、乳腺癌、白血病和黑色素瘤。它们的发病率随着人均国内生产总值（GDP）的上升、胆固醇升高的患病率以及动物产品的高摄入量而增加。第二组主要包括消化道癌症，并且与酒精饮料、猪油和鸡蛋的相关性最为一致。此外，我们还发现某些变量与其他一些癌症类型之间存在特定的相关性（吸烟与肺癌和喉癌；人均GDP低和高碳水化合物消费与胃癌和宫颈癌；饮茶与食管癌；食用玉米和饮用葡萄酒与肝癌）。记录的研究结果通常与当前的科学共识非常一致，并且当与基于不同方法的证据相结合时，它们可以进一步扩展我们对癌症病因的认识。此外，我们的研究还确定了几种可能具有预防作用的食物，并表明各种乳制品与癌症发病率的关系可能存在显著差异。所有这些数据对于临床实践和癌症患者的生存可能具有至关重要的意义。
