Fletcher Jason M
La Follette School of Public Affairs, Department of Sociology, Center for Demography and Ecology, Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, United States.
Econ Hum Biol. 2018 Sep;30:59-68. doi: 10.1016/j.ehb.2018.06.004. Epub 2018 Jun 26.
A growing literature ties in utero conditions to life course outcomes, including education, earnings, and adult health and mortality. A smaller literature has begun to examine the intergenerational impacts of in utero conditions. A link between these two literatures-the impacts of in utero conditions on family formation-has had few examinations but offers a potential set of mechanisms for the intergenerational reach of early conditions. This paper draws from the 1960 US Decennial Census to examine whether individuals exposed in utero to the 1918/19 influenza pandemic had different family formation patterns than adjacent unexposed cohorts. The findings suggest small overall effects on marriage rates, number of children, and several measures of "type" of spouse for men, but moderate effects for women. For example, women with in utero exposure during their first trimester marry men with 0.2 fewer years of schooling than those not exposed. The findings show that exposed individuals have spouses with lower schooling than unexposed counterparts, this effect is particularly large for women, and it increases the likelihood of marrying spouses with very low levels of schooling.
越来越多的文献将子宫内环境与人生历程的结果联系起来，包括教育、收入、成年后的健康和死亡率。较少的文献开始研究子宫内环境的代际影响。这两类文献之间的联系——子宫内环境对家庭形成的影响——很少受到审视，但它为早期环境的代际影响提供了一系列潜在机制。本文利用1960年美国十年一度的人口普查数据，研究子宫内接触过1918/19年流感大流行的个体与相邻未接触过的同期人群相比，是否有不同的家庭形成模式。研究结果表明，总体上对男性的结婚率、子女数量以及配偶“类型”的几项指标影响较小，但对女性有中等影响。例如，在孕早期接触过子宫内环境的女性，其丈夫的受教育年限比未接触过的女性少0.2年。研究结果表明，接触过的个体的配偶受教育程度低于未接触过的个体，这种影响对女性尤为明显，并且增加了与受教育程度极低的人结婚的可能性。
