Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom; email:
Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2018 Aug 25;56:339-360. doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050012. Epub 2018 Jun 29.
The evolution of resistance poses an ongoing threat to crop protection. Fungicide resistance provides a selective advantage under fungicide selection, but resistance-conferring mutations may also result in fitness penalties, resulting in an evolutionary trade-off. These penalties may result from the functional constraints of an evolving target site or from the resource allocation costs of overexpression or active transport. The extent to which such fitness penalties are present has important implications for resistance management strategies, determining whether resistance persists or declines between treatments, and for resistance risk assessments for new modes of action. Experimental results have proven variable, depending on factors such as temperature, nutrient status, osmotic or oxidative stress, and pathogen life-cycle stage. Functional genetics tools allow pathogen genetic background to be controlled, but this in turn raises the question of epistatic interactions. Combining fitness penalties under various conditions into a field-realistic scenario poses an important future challenge.
抗性的进化对作物保护构成持续威胁。杀菌剂抗性在杀菌剂选择下提供了一个选择性优势，但抗性赋予的突变也可能导致适应性代价，从而产生进化权衡。这些代价可能来自于进化靶标的功能限制，也可能来自于过度表达或主动运输的资源分配成本。适应性代价的存在程度对抗性管理策略具有重要意义，决定了抗性在处理之间是持续存在还是下降，以及对新作用模式的抗性风险评估。实验结果证明是可变的，取决于温度、营养状况、渗透压或氧化应激以及病原体生活史阶段等因素。功能遗传学工具允许控制病原体的遗传背景，但这反过来又提出了上位性相互作用的问题。将各种条件下的适应性代价结合到一个现实的田间场景中是一个重要的未来挑战。
