Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.
Adv Appl Microbiol. 2015;90:29-92. doi: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2014.09.001. Epub 2014 Nov 12.
Fungicides are widely used in developed agricultural systems to control disease and safeguard crop yield and quality. Over time, however, resistance to many of the most effective fungicides has emerged and spread in pathogen populations, compromising disease control. This review describes the development of resistance using case histories based on four important diseases of temperate cereal crops: eyespot (Oculimacula yallundae and Oculimacula acuformis), Septoria tritici blotch (Zymoseptoria tritici), powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis), and Fusarium ear blight (a complex of Fusarium and Microdochium spp). The sequential emergence of variant genotypes of these pathogens with reduced sensitivity to the most active single-site fungicides, methyl benzimidazole carbamates, demethylation inhibitors, quinone outside inhibitors, and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors illustrates an ongoing evolutionary process in response to the introduction and use of different chemical classes. Analysis of the molecular mechanisms and genetic basis of resistance has provided more rapid and precise methods for detecting and monitoring the incidence of resistance in field populations, but when or where resistance will occur remains difficult to predict. The extent to which the predictability of resistance evolution can be improved by laboratory mutagenesis studies and fitness measurements, comparison between pathogens, and reconstruction of evolutionary pathways is discussed. Risk models based on fungal life cycles, fungicide properties, and exposure to the fungicide are now being refined to take account of additional traits associated with the rate of pathogen evolution. Experimental data on the selection of specific mutations or resistant genotypes in pathogen populations in response to fungicide treatments can be used in models evaluating the most effective strategies for reducing or preventing resistance. Resistance management based on robust scientific evidence is vital to prolong the effective life of fungicides and safeguard their future use in crop protection.
杀菌剂在发达的农业系统中被广泛用于控制疾病，保障作物产量和质量。然而，随着时间的推移，许多最有效的杀菌剂的抗性在病原体种群中出现并传播，从而影响了疾病的控制。本综述通过基于温带谷类作物四种重要病害的案例历史，描述了抗性的发展：眼斑病（Oculimacula yallundae 和 Oculimacula acuformis）、壳针孢叶斑病（Zymoseptoria tritici）、白粉病（Blumeria graminis）和镰刀菌穗腐病（镰孢菌和麦根毛壳菌复合种）。这些病原体的变异基因型的连续出现，对最活跃的单一作用点杀菌剂（甲基苯并咪唑氨基甲酸酯、脱甲基抑制剂、醌外抑制剂和琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂）的敏感性降低，说明了对不同化学类别的引入和使用的持续进化过程。对抗性的分子机制和遗传基础的分析为在田间种群中检测和监测抗性的发生提供了更快和更精确的方法，但抗性何时或何地发生仍然难以预测。通过实验室诱变研究和适应性测量、病原体之间的比较以及进化途径的重建，探讨了抗性进化的可预测性可以在多大程度上得到改善。基于真菌生命周期、杀菌剂特性和对杀菌剂的暴露的风险模型正在被细化，以考虑与病原体进化速度相关的其他特征。在对杀菌剂处理的病原体种群中选择特定突变或抗性基因型的实验数据可以用于评估减少或预防抗性的最有效策略的模型中。基于稳健科学证据的抗性管理对于延长杀菌剂的有效寿命和保障其未来在作物保护中的使用至关重要。
