MIND European Foundation for Psychedelic Science, betahaus, Prinzessinnenstr. 19/20, 10969 Berlin, Germany.
Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Netherlands, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, the Netherlands.
Neuropharmacology. 2018 Nov;142:179-199. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.06.034. Epub 2018 Jun 30.
We reviewed the concepts and empirical findings in studies with psychedelics and entactogens related to positive psychology - the study of healthy human functioning, well-being and eudaemonia. It is an unresolved question how beneficial effects of psychedelics and entactogens are related to the potential risks of these substances - particularly in non-clinical settings.
We searched in PubMed, PsychINFO and the Cochrane Library for controlled clinical and epidemiological studies which applied concepts from positive psychology. We included N = 77 eligible studies with 9876 participants published before November 1st, 2017: (1) quantitative studies (N = 54), (2) preliminary or exploratory studies and reviews not including meta-analyses (N = 17), and (3) studies evidencing primarily negative results (N = 6).
Positive psychology concepts have been applied for measuring effects of clinical trials, recreational and ceremonial use of psychedelics and entactogens. Psychedelics and entactogens were shown to produce acute and long-term effects on mood, well-being, prosocial behaviours, empathy, cognitive flexibility, creativity, personality factors like openness, value orientations, nature-relatedness, spirituality, self-transcendence and mindfulness-related capabilities.
There is preliminary evidence for beneficial effects of psychedelics and entactogens on measures of positive psychology in clinical and healthy populations, however their sustainability remains largely unresolved. The reported results must be considered preliminary due to methodological restrictions. Since longitudinal data on both positive and adverse effects of psychedelics are lacking, more rigorous and standardized measures from positive psychology should be applied in less biased populations with prospective longitudinal designs to carefully assess the benefit-risk-ratio. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Psychedelics: New Doors, Altered Perceptions'.
我们回顾了与积极心理学（研究健康人类功能、幸福和幸福）相关的迷幻剂和促肠动力药研究中的概念和经验发现。迷幻剂和促肠动力药的有益效果如何与这些物质的潜在风险相关，这是一个尚未解决的问题——尤其是在非临床环境中。
我们在 PubMed、PsychINFO 和 Cochrane Library 中搜索了应用积极心理学概念的对照临床试验和流行病学研究。我们纳入了 77 项符合条件的研究，共 9876 名参与者，这些研究发表于 2017 年 11 月 1 日之前：（1）定量研究（n=54）；（2）不包括meta 分析的初步或探索性研究和综述（n=17）；（3）主要报告阴性结果的研究（n=6）。
积极心理学概念已被用于衡量临床试验、迷幻剂和促肠动力药的娱乐和仪式使用的效果。迷幻剂和促肠动力药被证明对情绪、幸福感、亲社会行为、同理心、认知灵活性、创造力、开放性等人格因素、价值观取向、与自然的关系、灵性、自我超越和与正念相关的能力产生急性和长期影响。
有初步证据表明，迷幻剂和促肠动力药对临床和健康人群的积极心理学测量有有益影响，但它们的可持续性在很大程度上仍未得到解决。由于方法学的限制，报告的结果必须被认为是初步的。由于缺乏关于迷幻剂积极和不良反应的纵向数据，应该在具有前瞻性纵向设计的、偏见较小的人群中应用积极心理学的更严格和标准化的测量方法，以仔细评估效益-风险比。本文是专题“迷幻剂：新的视角，改变的认知”的一部分。
