Zhang Qiu-Qiu, Pan Shen-Ling, Zhang Yu, Yang Min, An Wei
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2017 Jul 8;38(7):2747-2753. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201612107.
Nitrosamines such as nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) in drinking water have recently attracted great attention because of their high carcinogenicity and high detection rate. Nitrosamines have also been repeatedly detected in drinking water in our country, leading to a lot of concerns about our drinking water safety. However, China has not yet formulated the relevant drinking water safety standards. In order to evaluate the health risks caused by NDMA in drinking water and to provide recommendations for the development of drinking water safety standards, the method of disability-adjusted life years(DALYs) and the two-stage disease model were used to estimate the health risk of liver cancer caused by intake of NDMA in drinking water. The data of this study were collected from two large-scale water quality surveys conducted in 35 cities in China from November 2009 to May 2012, and the detection conducted by Chen Chao . in 23 cities in China from 2012 to 2014, with a total of 146 water plants data. The results showed that mean(8.97 ng·L) and median(2.90 ng·L) NDMA concentrations were both not very high except in some special areas. The incidence of life-long cancer was 5.69×10 and 5.69 times as high as the negligible risk value(1×10) specified by the US EPA. The total disease burden of NDMA was 844.15 person-years, of which the death loss was 818.31 person-years, accounting for 96.9%. The incapacity loss was 25.84 person-years, accounting for 3.1% in comparison. Death loss was greater than the loss of incapacity. The disease burden was highest in the age group of 55-60 years(129.40 person-years), followed by 45-50 years(120.44 person-years). The burden of disease was higher in middle-aged and elderly people. The averaged loss was 6.27×10 DALYs per person per year in our country. Only considering the health risk factors, NDMA concentration safety standards should be 6.12 ng·L. According to the specific national conditions, the NDMA safety standard in the range of 6-40 ng·L was recommended. On one hand, we can control the concentration of NDMA in drinking water, to reduce health risks as far as possible, and on the other hand, we can also ensure the effectiveness of disinfection of drinking water treatments. China's economic and water treatment technological level and other factors should also be taken into consideration in the near future. In view of potential health risks of NDMA, it's necessary to adopt more effective, economical and also environmental water treatment techniques and develop reasonable safety standards to ensure the quality of drinking water and people's health.
饮用水中的亚硝胺，如亚硝基二甲胺（NDMA），因其高致癌性和高检出率，近年来备受关注。我国饮用水中也多次检测出亚硝胺，引发了人们对饮用水安全的诸多担忧。然而，我国尚未制定相关的饮用水安全标准。为评估饮用水中NDMA所致的健康风险，并为饮用水安全标准的制定提供建议，采用伤残调整生命年（DALYs）方法和两阶段疾病模型，对饮用水中摄入NDMA导致肝癌的健康风险进行了估计。本研究数据来自2009年11月至2012年5月在中国35个城市进行的两次大规模水质调查，以及2012年至2014年陈超在中国23个城市进行的检测，共146个水厂的数据。结果表明，除一些特殊地区外，NDMA的平均浓度（8.97 ng·L）和中位数浓度（2.90 ng·L）都不是很高。终生患癌发病率为5.69×10，是美国环保署规定的可忽略风险值（1×10）的5.69倍。NDMA的总疾病负担为844.15人年，其中死亡损失为818.31人年，占96.9%。失能损失为25.84人年，占比3.1%。死亡损失大于失能损失。疾病负担在55 - 60岁年龄组最高（129.40人年），其次是45 - 50岁年龄组（120.44人年）。疾病负担在中老年人中较高。我国人均每年的平均损失为6.27×10 DALYs。仅考虑健康风险因素，NDMA浓度安全标准应为6.12 ng·L。根据我国具体国情，建议NDMA安全标准在6 - 40 ng·L范围内。一方面，可以控制饮用水中NDMA的浓度，尽可能降低健康风险，另一方面，也能确保饮用水处理消毒的有效性。近期还应考虑我国的经济和水处理技术水平等因素。鉴于NDMA存在潜在健康风险，有必要采用更有效、经济且环保的水处理技术，制定合理的安全标准，以保障饮用水质量和人民健康。
