Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi (Salerno), Italy.
Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
J Immunol Res. 2018 Jun 3;2018:2724951. doi: 10.1155/2018/2724951. eCollection 2018.
The prevalence of reactive nasal inflammatory conditions, for example, allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis, is steadily increasing in parallel with significant environmental changes worldwide. Allergens and as yet undefined environmental agents may trigger these conditions via the involvement of host intrinsic factors, including the innate and adaptive immune system, the nasal epithelium, and the nasal nervous system. The critical role of the nasal microbiota in coordinating these components has emerged in recent studies documenting a significant association between microbial composition and the onset and progression of allergic or nonallergic inflammation. It is now clear that the local microbiota is a major player in the development of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and in the regulation of such adaptive responses as IgA production and the function of effector and regulatory T cells. Microbial components also play a major role in the regulation of epithelial barrier functions, including mucus production and the control of paracellular transport across tight junctions. Bacterial components, including lipopolysaccharide, have also been shown to induce or amplify neuroinflammatory responses by engaging specific nociceptors. Finally, bacterial products may promote tissue remodeling processes, including nasal polyp formation, by interacting with formyl peptide receptors and inducing the expression of angiogenic factors and matrix-degrading enzymes.
反应性鼻腔炎症性疾病（例如过敏性鼻炎和慢性鼻-鼻窦炎）的流行率与全球范围内的重大环境变化呈平行上升趋势。过敏原和尚未明确的环境因子可能通过宿主固有因子（包括先天和适应性免疫系统、鼻腔上皮和鼻腔神经系统）的参与而引发这些疾病。最近的研究表明，鼻腔微生物群在协调这些成分方面起着关键作用，记录了微生物组成与过敏性或非过敏性炎症的发生和进展之间存在显著关联。现在很清楚，局部微生物群是粘膜相关淋巴组织发育和调节 IgA 产生和效应和调节性 T 细胞功能等适应性反应的主要参与者。微生物成分在调节上皮屏障功能方面也起着重要作用，包括粘液产生和控制紧密连接的旁细胞转运。已经表明，细菌成分（包括脂多糖）通过与特定伤害感受器结合来诱导或放大神经炎症反应。最后，细菌产物可能通过与甲酰肽受体相互作用并诱导血管生成因子和基质降解酶的表达，促进组织重塑过程，包括鼻息肉形成。
