Wildlife Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada.
Rocky Point Bird Observatory, Hummingbird Project of British Columbia, Canada.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2018 Aug;37(8):2143-2152. doi: 10.1002/etc.4174. Epub 2018 Jul 5.
To measure exposure to neonicotinoid and other pesticides in avian pollinators, we made novel use of cloacal fluid and fecal pellets from rufous (Selasphorus rufus) and Anna's (Calypte anna) hummingbirds living near blueberry fields in the Fraser River Valley and Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. To examine on-farm exposure to pesticides in invertebrate pollinators, we also collected bumble bees native to Canada (Bombus mixtus, Bombus flavifrons, and Bombus melanopygus), their pollen, and blueberry leaves and flowers from within conventionally sprayed and organic blueberry farms. By sites and sample type, the results reported in the present study represent pooled samples (n = 1). In 2015 to 2016, the combined concentration of the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and clothianidin detected in hummingbird cloacal fluid from sites near conventionally sprayed blueberry fields was 3.63 ng/mL (ppb). Among the 18 compounds measured in fecal pellets, including one neonicotinoid (imidacloprid), only piperonyl butoxide was detected (1.47-5.96 ng/g). Piperonyl butoxide is a cytochrome P450 inhibitor applied with some insecticides to increase their toxic efficacy. Only diazinon was detected in bumble bees (0.197 ng/g), whereas diazinon (1.54-1.7 ng/g) and imidacloprid (up to 18.4 ng/g) were detected in pollen collected from bumble bees including the bees from organic sites located near conventionally sprayed blueberry farms. Imidacloprid was also detected at 5.16 ng/g in blueberry flowers collected 1 yr post spray from 1 of 6 conventionally sprayed blueberry farms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2143-2152. © 2018 SETAC.
为了测量鸟类传粉媒介体内新烟碱类和其他杀虫剂的暴露情况，我们在加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省弗雷泽河谷和温哥华岛的蓝莓种植区附近，利用红腹（Selasphorus rufus）和安娜（Calypte anna）蜂鸟的泄殖腔液体和粪便颗粒进行了新的研究。为了研究传粉昆虫在农场环境中的农药暴露情况，我们还收集了原产于加拿大的大黄蜂（Bombus mixtus、Bombus flavifrons 和 Bombus melanopygus）及其花粉、蓝莓叶和花，这些样本来自常规喷洒农药和有机蓝莓种植园。根据地点和样本类型，本研究报告的结果代表了混合样本（n=1）。2015 年至 2016 年，在常规喷洒蓝莓田附近采集的蜂鸟泄殖腔液体中，新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和噻虫胺的总浓度为 3.63ng/mL（ppb）。在粪便颗粒中检测到的 18 种化合物中，除了一种新烟碱类杀虫剂（吡虫啉）外，只有增效醚（piperonyl butoxide）被检测到（1.47-5.96ng/g）。增效醚是一种与某些杀虫剂一起使用以提高其毒性效果的细胞色素 P450 抑制剂。仅在大黄蜂中检测到二嗪农（0.197ng/g），而在从包括有机地点的大黄蜂中采集的花粉中检测到二嗪农（1.54-1.7ng/g）和吡虫啉（高达 18.4ng/g），以及在常规喷洒蓝莓种植园附近的有机地点采集的大黄蜂中检测到二嗪农（1.54-1.7ng/g）和吡虫啉（高达 18.4ng/g）。在常规喷洒农药的蓝莓种植园中采集的蓝莓花样本中，1 年后也检测到吡虫啉，浓度为 5.16ng/g。环境毒理化学 2018；37:2143-2152。©2018SETAC。
