Bitterman Noemi, Zimmer Yoni
Industrial Design, Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning,Technion,Haifa,Israel.
Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018 Aug;33(4):411-417. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X18000560. Epub 2018 Jul 13.
IntroductionNatural and man-made disasters are becoming global concerns. Natural disasters appear to be growing in number and intensity due to global warming, population explosion, increased travel, and overcrowding of cities. In addition, man-made disasters do not seem to be diminishing.At disaster sites, an immediate response is needed. National and international organizations; nongovernmental, military, and commercial organizations; and even private donors enlist to provide humanitarian and medical support and to send supplies, shelters, and temporary health care facilities to disaster zones.ProblemThe literature is sparse regarding the design of portable health care facilities intended for disaster zones and their adaptability to the tasks required and site areas.
Data were collected from peer-reviewed literature, scientific reports, magazines, and websites regarding health care facilities at rescue and salvage situations. Information was grouped according to categories of structure and properties, and relative strengths and weaknesses. Next, suggestions were made for future directions.
Permanent structures and temporary constructed facilities were the two primary categories of health care facilities functioning at disaster zones. Permanent hospitals were independent functioning medical units that were moved or transported to and from disaster zones as complete units, as needed. These facilities included floating hospitals, flying (airborne) hospitals, or terrestrial mobile facilities. Thus, these hospitals self-powered and contained mobility aids within their structure using water, air, or land as transporting media.Temporary health care facilities were transported to disaster zones as separate, nonfunctioning elements that were constructed or assembled on site and were subsequently taken apart. These facilities included the classical soft-type tents and solid containers that were organized later as hospitals in camp configurations. The strengths and weaknesses of the diverse hospital options are discussed.
Future directions include the use of innovative materials, advanced working methods, and integrated transportation systems. In addition, a holistic approach should be developed to improve the performance, accessibility, time required to function, sustainability, flexibility, and modularity of portable health care facilities.Bitterman N, Zimmer Y. Portable health care facilities in disaster and rescue zones: characteristics and future suggestions. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(4):411-417.
引言
自然灾害和人为灾害正日益成为全球关注的问题。由于全球变暖、人口爆炸、旅行增加和城市过度拥挤，自然灾害的数量和强度似乎都在增加。此外，人为灾害似乎也没有减少。
在灾难现场，需要立即做出响应。国家和国际组织、非政府组织、军事组织和商业组织，甚至私人捐赠者都参与进来，提供人道主义和医疗支持，并向灾区运送物资、避难所和临时医疗设施。
问题
关于用于灾区的便携式医疗设施的设计及其对所需任务和场地面积的适应性，相关文献很少。
从同行评审的文献、科学报告、杂志和网站收集有关救援和打捞情况下医疗设施的数据。信息按结构和特性类别以及相对优缺点进行分组。接下来，对未来的发展方向提出了建议。
永久结构和临时建造的设施是在灾区发挥作用的两类主要医疗设施。永久医院是独立运作的医疗单位，根据需要作为完整单位往返于灾区。这些设施包括浮动医院、飞行（空中）医院或地面移动设施。因此，这些医院自给自足，并在其结构内使用水、空气或陆地作为运输媒介包含移动辅助设备。
临时医疗设施作为单独的、不起作用的部件被运到灾区，在现场建造或组装，随后再拆除。这些设施包括经典的软式帐篷和坚固的容器，后来在营地配置中组织成医院。讨论了各种医院选择的优缺点。
未来的发展方向包括使用创新材料、先进的工作方法和综合运输系统。此外，应制定一种整体方法，以提高便携式医疗设施的性能、可达性、运作所需时间、可持续性、灵活性和模块化。
比特曼N，齐默Y。灾难和救援区的便携式医疗设施：特点和未来建议。院前灾难医学。2018；33(4)：411 - 417。
