Departament of Natural Resources, Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autonoma de Chihuahua (UACH), Perif. Fco. R. Almada Km 1, 31453 Chihuahua, Mexico.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Jul 2;15(7):1393. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15071393.
The aim of this study was to quantify major and trace elements in the water, soil, and plants () in an agricultural area; and to determine the health risks associated with the walnuts ingestion by calculating the risk quotient. Samples of water, soil, tree leaves, and walnuts were collected; in total, 135 samples were analyzed. Physicochemical parameters were obtained in irrigation water and soil samples. Elemental measurements were performed in an ICP, -OES and -MS. In addition, the distribution coefficient (soil⁻water), transfer factor (soil⁻plant), and hazard quotient were evaluated. In the irrigation water, As, Cr, and Pb, showed concentrations above the maximum allowable limits. Likewise, high concentrations of As, Cr, Pb, and Sb were found in tree leave samples, indicating a possible tendency of hyperaccumulation of those elements. Furthermore, Cr concentrations in walnuts were high by far than the reference value (FAO/WHO). A possible competition between chemical congeners were detected from transfer factors. Although, Sb concentrations in walnuts were also high, and no legislation for it in fruits exists. The hazard risk quotient for Sb did indicate a potential health risk. Finally, it is important to consider that the health risk increases when exposure through consumption takes place over a prolonged period of time, even in low concentrations.
本研究旨在量化农业区水中、土壤中和植物中的主要和微量元素，并通过计算风险商数来确定与食用核桃相关的健康风险。采集了水、土壤、树叶和核桃样本，共分析了 135 个样本。在灌溉水和土壤样本中获得了理化参数。使用 ICP-OES 和 ICP-MS 进行了元素测量。此外，还评估了分配系数（土壤-水）、转移系数（土壤-植物）和危害商数。在灌溉水中，砷、铬和铅的浓度超过了最大允许限量。同样，在树叶样本中发现了高浓度的砷、铬、铅和锑，表明这些元素可能有超积累的趋势。此外，核桃中的铬浓度远远高于参考值（粮农组织/世卫组织）。从转移系数中检测到化学同系物之间可能存在竞争。尽管如此，核桃中的锑浓度也很高，而水果中并没有针对它的法规。锑的危害风险商数确实表明存在潜在的健康风险。最后，值得注意的是，即使在低浓度下，长时间通过食用暴露会增加健康风险。
