Extracting the Energy Sensitivity of Charge Carrier Transport and Scattering.

It is a challenge to extract the energy sensitivity of charge carriers' transport and scattering from experimental data, although a theoretical estimation in which the existing scattering mechanism(s) are preliminarily assumed can be easily done. To tackle this problem, we have developed a method to experimentally determine the energy sensitivities, which can then serve as an important statistical measurement to further understand the collective behaviors of multi-carrier transport systems. This method is validated using a graphene system at different temperatures. Further, we demonstrate the application of this method to other two-dimensional (2D) materials as a guide for future experimental work on the optimization of materials performance for electronic components, Peltier coolers, thermoelectricity generators, thermocouples, thermopiles, electrical converters and other conductivity and/or Seebeck-effect-related sensors.