Department of Economics and Finance, Ming Chuan University, 5 De Ming Rd., Gui Shan District, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Sep;25(27):26903-26915. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-2726-3. Epub 2018 Jul 13.
This paper investigated the relationships between industrial water use, income, trade, and employment for 17 Taiwanese industries from 1998 to 2015. We explored cross-sectional dependent unit root, panel cointegration, and causality tests to estimate their long-term relationships and causal nexus. There existed long-term equilibrium relationships among the variables. The long-term elasticity estimates of industrial water use with respect to income, squared income, trade, and employment are 4.27, - 0.15, 0.22, and 0.92, respectively. The results do not confirm an inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve. A unidirectional causal relationship is found between water use and income, and a bidirectional causal relationship is identified between water use and employment. Exports cause industrial water use. As expected, both employment and exports lead to income. Hence, policy makers should promote investment into water efficiency and water recycling. Various governments reward firms for water efficiency and lower consumption without negative long-term effects on economic growth.
本文利用 1998 年至 2015 年间台湾 17 个产业的工业用水、收入、贸易和就业数据，探讨了工业用水与收入、贸易和就业之间的关系。通过横截面相依单位根、面板协整和因果检验，估计了变量之间的长期关系和因果关系。结果表明变量之间存在长期均衡关系。工业用水对收入、收入平方、贸易和就业的长期弹性估计值分别为 4.27、-0.15、0.22 和 0.92。这一结果不支持倒 U 型环境库兹涅茨曲线假说。研究发现工业用水与收入之间存在单向因果关系，工业用水与就业之间存在双向因果关系。出口导致工业用水增加，而就业和出口都能促进收入的增长。因此，决策者应鼓励企业投资于提高用水效率和水的再循环。政府应奖励那些提高用水效率、减少水消耗的企业，同时不会对经济增长产生长期的负面影响。
