Franklin Associates , Eastern Research Group , 110 Hartwell Avenue , Lexington , Massachusetts 02421 , United States.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , National Risk Management Research Laboratory , 26 West Martin Luther King Drive , Cincinnati , Ohio 45268 , United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2018 Sep 4;52(17):9562-9578. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00967. Epub 2018 Aug 17.
This paper evaluates the current state of life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods used to estimate potential eutrophication impacts in freshwater and marine ecosystems and presents a critical review of the underlying surface water quality, watershed, marine, and air fate and transport (F&T) models. Using a criteria rubric, we assess the potential of each method and model to contribute to further refinements of life cycle assessment (LCA) eutrophication mechanisms and nutrient transformation processes as well as model structure, availability, geographic scope, and spatial and temporal resolution. We describe recent advances in LCIA modeling and provide guidance on the best available sources of fate and exposure factors, with a focus on midpoint indicators. The critical review identifies gaps in LCIA characterization modeling regarding the availability and spatial resolution of fate factors in the soil compartment and identifies strategies to characterize emissions from soil. Additional opportunities are identified to leverage detailed F&T models that strengthen existing approaches to LCIA or that have the potential to link LCIA modeling more closely with the spatial and temporal realities of the effects of eutrophication.
本文评估了用于估计淡水和海洋生态系统中潜在富营养化影响的生命周期影响评估 (LCIA) 方法的现状，并对基础地表水质量、流域、海洋和空气归宿和传输 (F&T) 模型进行了批判性回顾。使用标准评分表，我们评估了每种方法和模型在进一步完善生命周期评估 (LCA) 富营养化机制和养分转化过程以及模型结构、可用性、地理范围以及时空分辨率方面的潜力。我们描述了 LCIA 建模的最新进展，并就最佳可用归宿和暴露因子来源提供了指导，重点是中点指标。批判性回顾确定了 LCIA 特征建模中在土壤部分中归宿因子的可用性和空间分辨率方面存在的差距，并确定了从土壤中表征排放的策略。还确定了利用强化现有 LCIA 方法或有可能更紧密地将 LCIA 建模与富营养化影响的时空现实联系起来的详细 F&T 模型的机会。
