Schoeps Anja, Peterson Elizabeth R, Mia Yasmine, Waldie Karen E, Underwood Lisa, D'Souza Stephanie, Morton Susan M B
Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Longitudinal Research - He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
Early Hum Dev. 2018 Aug;123:22-29. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.06.011. Epub 2018 Jul 20.
High levels of alcohol exposure during pregnancy can damage developing brains and influence child behavior and learning.
To examine the effects of lower levels of alcohol and very early exposure to alcohol on infant temperament and child behavior.
STUDY DESIGN, SUBJECTS, AND OUTCOME MEASURES: The Growing Up in New Zealand study involves a prospective birth cohort of 6822 pregnant women of whom 6156 provided information on their child's temperament using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R VSF) at 9 months and their child's behavior using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at 2 years.
A series of adjusted linear regression models controlling for socio-demographic factors found alcohol consumption during pregnancy was most consistently related to Lower Positive Affect, Affiliation/Regulation, and Orienting Capacity temperament scores. Mothers who stopped drinking after becoming aware of their pregnancy, but had an unplanned pregnancy (hence may have a baby exposed to alcohol for longer), also reported infants with lower Orienting Capacity, Affiliation/Regulation, and Fear temperament scores compared to those that did not drink. Children whose mothers drank four or more drinks per week during pregnancy were more likely to report their child as having conduct problems, with higher total difficulties scores at age 2.
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy has a negative effect especially on infant temperament, even if small amounts of alcohol are consumed. Our findings have implications for men and women who drink, medical professionals, and for the availability of contraception to those who drink, but do not plan to get pregnant.
孕期大量饮酒会损害发育中的大脑，并影响儿童行为和学习能力。
研究较低水平酒精摄入以及极早期酒精暴露对婴儿气质和儿童行为的影响。
研究设计、对象及观察指标：新西兰成长研究涉及一个前瞻性出生队列，共有6822名孕妇，其中6156名孕妇在其孩子9个月时使用修订版婴儿行为问卷（IBQ-R VSF）提供了孩子气质方面的信息，并在孩子2岁时使用长处与困难问卷提供了孩子行为方面的信息。
一系列控制社会人口学因素的校正线性回归模型发现，孕期饮酒最常与较低的积极情绪、依恋/调节和定向能力气质得分相关。那些在意识到自己怀孕后戒酒，但意外怀孕（因此其婴儿可能接触酒精的时间更长）的母亲，与未饮酒的母亲相比，其婴儿的定向能力、依恋/调节和恐惧气质得分也较低。孕期每周饮酒4杯或更多的母亲所生的孩子更有可能被报告有行为问题，在2岁时总困难得分更高。
孕期饮酒有负面影响，尤其是对婴儿气质，即使是少量饮酒。我们的研究结果对饮酒的男性和女性、医学专业人员以及对饮酒但不打算怀孕的人提供避孕措施都有启示。
