Chemical Engineering Department, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat 395007, Gujarat, India.
Chemical Engineering Department, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat 395007, Gujarat, India.
Ultrason Sonochem. 2018 Dec;49:145-153. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.07.038. Epub 2018 Jul 29.
Environmental benign approach for extraction of essential oil was made. An essential oil rich in citronellol, linalool and citronellal was extracted from the leaves of Cymbopogon winterianus using a clean hybrid extraction technique, sono hydrodistillation. Sono hydrodistillation combines ultrasonic waves along with conventional hydrodistillation process to have symbiotic outcomes in terms of process improvement. Significant process parameters such as size of the plant material, extraction time, power, ultrasound amplitude, pulse interval and solid loading were investigated independently to study the effect on yield of oil and composition of oil. The water residue remained after extraction of volatile oil was analyzed using Folin-Ciocalteu method to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) which would help in assessing the residue as a useful by-product. Substantial reduction in time was observed with the inclusion of ultrasound compared to conventional hydrodistillation. Further, to optimize the extraction conditions, observe interactive effects of various parameters and develop mathematical model, response surface methodology was employed. The maximum yield of oil was found to be 4.118% (w/w) at 21 min extraction time, 5 g solid loading, 250 mL water volume, 500 W heating mantle power, 70% ultrasonic amplitude and 10:50 pulse interval. Total phenolic content was 13.84 mg GAE/g DM. The citronella oil was found to be composed of 27.47% of linalool, 11.52% of citronellal, 34.25% citronellol and 11.15% of elemol. Extraction time, solid loading and pulse interval had the significant influence on the yield of oil and total phenolic contents. Microscopic analysis has assisted in envisaging the probable mechanism indicating the role of sonication for rapid extraction. This novel technique was compared with the conventional hydrodistillation to ascertain the impact towards process intensification. Sono hydrodistillation was found to be a greener and cleaner process as energy consumption has been reduced by 40% while carbon footprint has shrunken by 47%.
采用清洁混合提取技术——超声水蒸馏法，从冬茅（Cymbopogon winterianus）叶片中提取富含香茅醇、芳樟醇和柠檬醛的精油。超声水蒸馏将超声波与传统的水蒸馏过程结合在一起，在提高生产效率方面取得了协同作用。分别研究了植物材料的大小、提取时间、功率、超声幅度、脉冲间隔和固体装载等重要工艺参数对油产量和油组成的影响。采用福林-肖卡法（Folin-Ciocalteu method）对挥发性油提取后剩余的水残渣进行分析，以确定总酚含量（TPC），这有助于评估残渣作为有用的副产品。与传统的水蒸馏相比，超声处理大大缩短了时间。此外，为了优化提取条件、观察各种参数的交互作用并开发数学模型，采用了响应面法（Response Surface Methodology）。在 21 分钟的提取时间、5 克的固体装载量、250 毫升的水体积、500 瓦的加热套功率、70%的超声幅度和 10:50 的脉冲间隔条件下，油的最大产率为 4.118%（w/w）。总酚含量为 13.84 毫克 GAE/g DM。柠檬油中含有 27.47%的芳樟醇、11.52%的柠檬醛、34.25%的香茅醇和 11.15%的艾蒿醇。提取时间、固体装载量和脉冲间隔对油的产率和总酚含量有显著影响。微观分析有助于预见可能的机制，表明超声对快速提取的作用。将该新技术与传统的水蒸馏进行比较，以确定其对强化过程的影响。超声水蒸馏是一种更环保、更清洁的工艺，能源消耗减少了 40%，碳足迹缩小了 47%。
