蝙蝠、蝠蝇和真菌：一种超寄生现象。

Bats, Bat Flies, and Fungi: A Case of Hyperparasitism.

机构信息

Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama; Current affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of South Bohemia, České Budejovice, Czech Republic.

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama; Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.

出版信息

Trends Parasitol. 2018 Sep;34(9):784-799. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.06.006.

DOI:10.1016/j.pt.2018.06.006

PMID:30097262

Abstract

Bats are parasitized by numerous lineages of arthropods, of which bat flies (Diptera, Nycteribiidae and Streblidae) are the most conspicuous. Bat flies themselves can be parasitized by Laboulbeniales, fungal biotrophs of arthropods. This is known as hyperparasitism, a severely understudied phenomenon. Three genera of Laboulbeniales occur on bat flies: Arthrorhynchus on Nycteribiidae, Gloeandromyces and Nycteromyces on Streblidae. In this review we introduce the parasitic partners in this tripartite system and discuss their diversity, ecology, and specificity patterns, alongside some important life history traits. Furthermore, we cover recent advances in the study of the associations between bat flies and Laboulbeniales, which were neglected for decades. Among the most immediate needs for further studies are detailed tripartite field surveys. The vermin only teaze and pinch Their foes superior by an inch So, naturalists observe, a flea Has smaller fleas that on him prey; And these have smaller still to bite 'em, And so proceed ad infinitum. Jonathan Swift (On Poetry: A Rhapsody, 1733).

摘要

蝙蝠被众多节肢动物的谱系寄生，其中蝙蝠蝇（双翅目、Nycteribiidae 和 Streblidae）最为明显。蝙蝠蝇本身可能被节肢动物的真菌生物寄生菌——地衣菌寄生。这被称为重寄生，是一种严重研究不足的现象。三种地衣菌属出现在蝙蝠蝇上：Arthrorhynchus 在 Nycteribiidae 上，Gloeandromyces 和 Nycteromyces 在 Streblidae 上。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了这个三方系统中的寄生伙伴，并讨论了它们的多样性、生态学和特异性模式，以及一些重要的生活史特征。此外，我们还介绍了近几十年来被忽视的蝙蝠蝇和地衣菌之间的关联研究的最新进展。正如自然学家所观察到的，寄生虫只会骚扰和刺痛它们稍大一些的敌人；因此，跳蚤身上有更小的跳蚤来捕食它们；而这些更小的跳蚤又有更小的跳蚤来咬它们，如此下去，无穷无尽。乔纳森·斯威夫特（《论诗歌：狂想曲》，1733 年）。