Haelewaters Danny, Pfliegler Walter P, Szentiványi Tamara, Földvári Mihály, Sándor Attila D, Barti Levente, Camacho Jasmin J, Gort Gerrit, Estók Péter, Hiller Thomas, Dick Carl W, Pfister Donald H
Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
Parasit Vectors. 2017 Feb 21;10(1):96. doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2022-y.
Bat flies (Streblidae and Nycteribiidae) are among the most specialized families of the order Diptera. Members of these two related families have an obligate ectoparasitic lifestyle on bats, and they are known disease vectors for their hosts. However, bat flies have their own ectoparasites: fungi of the order Laboulbeniales. In Europe, members of the Nycteribiidae are parasitized by four species belonging to the genus Arthrorhynchus. We carried out a systematic survey of the distribution and fungus-bat fly associations of the genus in central Europe (Hungary, Romania).
We encountered the bat fly Nycteribia pedicularia and the fungus Arthrorhynchus eucampsipodae as new country records for Hungary. The following bat-bat fly associations are for the first time reported: Nycteribia kolenatii on Miniopterus schreibersii, Myotis blythii, Myotis capaccinii and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum; Penicillidia conspicua on Myotis daubentonii; and Phthiridium biarticulatum on Myotis capaccinii. Laboulbeniales infections were found on 45 of 1,494 screened bat flies (3.0%). We report two fungal species: Arthrorhynchus eucampsipodae on Nycteribia schmidlii, and A. nycteribiae on N. schmidlii, Penicillidia conspicua, and P. dufourii. Penicillidia conspicua was infected with Laboulbeniales most frequently (25%, n = 152), followed by N. schmidlii (3.1%, n = 159) and P. dufourii (2.0%, n = 102). Laboulbeniales seem to prefer female bat fly hosts to males. We think this might be due to a combination of factors: female bat flies have a longer life span, while during pregnancy female bat flies are significantly larger than males and accumulate an excess of fat reserves. Finally, ribosomal DNA sequences for A. nycteribiae are presented.
We screened ectoparasitic bat flies from Hungary and Romania for the presence of ectoparasitic Laboulbeniales fungi. Arthrorhynchus eucampsipodae and A. nycteribiae were found on three species of bat flies. This study extends geographical and host ranges of both bat flies and Laboulbeniales fungi. The sequence data generated in this work contribute to molecular phylogenetic studies of the order Laboulbeniales. Our survey shows a complex network of bats, bat flies and Laboulbeniales fungi, of which the hyperparasitic fungi are rare and species-poor. Their host insects, on the other hand, are relatively abundant and diverse.
蝙蝠蝇（蝠蝇科和蛛蝇科）是双翅目中最具特殊性的类群之一。这两个相关科的成员在蝙蝠身上过着专性外寄生生活方式，并且是其宿主已知的疾病传播媒介。然而，蝙蝠蝇自身也有外寄生虫：虫囊菌目的真菌。在欧洲，蛛蝇科的成员被属于节喙菌属的4个物种寄生。我们对该属在中欧（匈牙利、罗马尼亚）的分布及真菌 - 蝙蝠蝇关联进行了系统调查。
我们发现蝙蝠蝇佩氏蝠蝇和真菌真营地节喙菌是匈牙利新的国家记录物种。首次报道了以下蝙蝠 - 蝙蝠蝇关联：施氏鼠耳蝠、布氏鼠耳蝠、卡氏鼠耳蝠和菊头蝠上的科氏蝠蝇；道氏鼠耳蝠上的显著盘菌蝇；以及卡氏鼠耳蝠上的双节虱蝇。在1494只被筛查的蝙蝠蝇中有45只（3.0%）被发现有虫囊菌目感染。我们报告了两种真菌物种：施氏蝠蝇上的真营地节喙菌，以及施氏蝠蝇、显著盘菌蝇和杜氏盘菌蝇上的蝙蝠蝇节喙菌。显著盘菌蝇感染虫囊菌目的频率最高（25%，n = 152），其次是施氏蝠蝇（3.1%，n = 159）和杜氏盘菌蝇（2.0%，n = 102）。虫囊菌目似乎更喜欢寄生雌性蝙蝠蝇而非雄性。我们认为这可能是多种因素共同作用的结果：雌性蝙蝠蝇寿命更长，而且在孕期雌性蝙蝠蝇比雄性明显更大且积累了过量的脂肪储备。最后，给出了蝙蝠蝇节喙菌的核糖体DNA序列。
我们对来自匈牙利和罗马尼亚的外寄生性蝙蝠蝇进行筛查，以确定是否存在外寄生性虫囊菌目真菌。在三种蝙蝠蝇上发现了真营地节喙菌和蝙蝠蝇节喙菌。本研究扩展了蝙蝠蝇和虫囊菌目真菌的地理分布范围及宿主范围。本研究产生的序列数据有助于虫囊菌目分子系统发育研究。我们的调查显示了一个由蝙蝠、蝙蝠蝇和虫囊菌目真菌组成的复杂网络关系，其中超寄生真菌罕见且物种较少。另一方面，它们的宿主昆虫相对丰富且多样。
