Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 10, IT-20133 Milan, Italy.
J Food Prot. 2018 Sep;81(9):1519-1525. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-18-077.
This study evaluated the prevalence of potential pathogenic bacteria (mainly Campylobacter spp., but also Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella) in wild boar (S us scrofa) and the hygiene of carcasses of wild boar hunted in a hill area of northern Italy during a hunting season (October to December). In total, 62 animals were submitted to microbiological analyses of the tonsils (detection of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes), caecal content (detection of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp.), mesenteric lymph glands (detection of Salmonella), and carcasses. In addition to analyzing pathogen prevalence and carcass hygiene of these animals, we performed an enumeration of total viable count (TVC), Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, coagulase-positive staphylococci, and spores of sulfite-reducing clostridia. Influencing factors considered were sex, weight, and age of the animals and environmental temperature on the day of hunting. A high prevalence was observed for L. monocytogenes in tonsils (35.3%) and for Campylobacter spp. in caecal content (51.8%), whereas Salmonella enterica strains (mainly serovar Thompson) were only occasionally isolated (7% in caecal content and 3.5% in lymph glands). The prevalence of L. monocytogenes was influenced by animal age and environmental temperature. Campylobacter spp. were the only pathogens detected on the carcasses (16.7%). Carcasses were characterized by low levels of contamination: TVC, 3.21 ± 0.80 log CFU/cm, Enterobacteriaceae, 1.32 ± 0.89 log CFU/cm; E. coli, 1.31 ± 0.93 log CFU/cm; and occasional detection of low counts of staphylococci and clostridia. TVC was positively influenced only by high environmental temperature, and higher Enterobacteriaceae counts were detected on heavy male carcasses than on females. The results confirmed the potential role of wild boars as reservoirs for the most important foodborne pathogens. But a low carcass contamination level is achievable if hunters are properly trained about hygienic carcass management and slaughtering procedures.
本研究评估了在意大利北部山区狩猎季节（10 月至 12 月）期间，野猪（Sus scrofa）中潜在致病性细菌（主要为弯曲杆菌属，但也包括李斯特菌属和沙门氏菌）的流行情况以及野猪胴体的卫生状况。总共对 62 只动物的扁桃体（李斯特菌属和李斯特菌属的检测）、盲肠内容物（沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌属的检测）、肠系膜淋巴结（沙门氏菌的检测）和胴体进行了微生物分析。除了分析这些动物的病原体流行率和胴体卫生状况外，我们还对总活菌计数（TVC）、肠杆菌科、大肠杆菌、凝固酶阳性葡萄球菌和亚硫酸盐还原梭状芽孢杆菌孢子进行了计数。考虑的影响因素包括动物的性别、体重和年龄以及狩猎当天的环境温度。在扁桃体中观察到李斯特菌属的高流行率（35.3%）和盲肠内容物中弯曲杆菌属的高流行率（51.8%），而沙门氏菌肠杆菌菌株（主要为汤普森血清型）仅偶尔分离（盲肠内容物中为 7%，淋巴结中为 3.5%）。李斯特菌属的流行率受动物年龄和环境温度的影响。弯曲杆菌属是唯一在胴体上检测到的病原体（16.7%）。胴体的污染程度较低：TVC 为 3.21±0.80log CFU/cm，肠杆菌科为 1.32±0.89log CFU/cm；大肠杆菌为 1.31±0.93log CFU/cm；偶尔检测到低计数的葡萄球菌和梭状芽孢杆菌。TVC 仅受高温环境的正向影响，且雄性胴体的肠杆菌科计数高于雌性。结果证实野猪可能是最重要的食源性病原体的储存库。但是，如果猎人经过适当的卫生胴体管理和屠宰程序培训，就可以实现胴体污染水平较低的目标。
