A in high places: functioning populations or dormant cells from the atmosphere?

Here, we review the current state of knowledge concerning high-elevation members of the extremophilic clade (now classified as the genus ). These fungi dominate eukaryotic microbial communities across the highest elevation, soil-like material (tephra) on volcanoes such as Llullaillaco, Socompa, and Saírecabur in the Atacama region of Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia. Recent studies indicate that species are among the most resistant organisms to UV radiation, and a strain of from Volcán Llullaillaco is the first organism that is known to grow during the extreme, diurnal freeze-thaw cycles that occur on a continuous basis at elevations above 6000 m.a.s.l. in the Atacama region. These and other extremophilic traits discussed in this review may serve a dual purpose of allowing species to survive long-distance transport through the atmosphere and to survive the extreme conditions found at high elevations. Current evidence indicates that there are frequent dispersal events between high-elevation volcanoes of Atacama region and the Dry Valleys of Antarctica via "Rossby Wave" merging of the polar and sub-tropical jet streams. This dispersal hypothesis needs further verification, as does the hypothesis that species are flexible "opportunitrophs" that can grow during rare periods of water (from melting snow) and nutrient availability (from Aeolian inputs) in one of the most extreme terrestrial habitats on Earth.