Pyatnitskiy M A, Karpov D S, Moshkovskii S A
Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Biomed Khim. 2018 Aug;64(4):303-314. doi: 10.18097/PBMC20186404303.
The concept of essential genes, whose loss of functionality leads to cell death, is one of the fundamental concepts of genetics and is important for fundamental and applied research. This field is particularly promising in relation to oncology, since the search for genetic vulnerabilities of cancer cells allows us to identify new potential targets for antitumor therapy. The modern biotechnology capacities allow carrying out large-scale projects for sequencing somatic mutations in tumors, as well as directly interfering the genetic apparatus of cancer cells. They provided accumulation of a considerable body of knowledge about genetic variants and corresponding phenotypic manifestations in tumors. In the near future this knowledge will find application in clinical practice. This review describes the main experimental and computational approaches to the search for essential genes, concentrating on the application of these methods in the field of molecular oncology.
必需基因的概念，即其功能丧失会导致细胞死亡，是遗传学的基本概念之一，对基础研究和应用研究都很重要。该领域在肿瘤学方面尤其具有前景，因为寻找癌细胞的基因弱点能让我们识别出抗肿瘤治疗的新潜在靶点。现代生物技术能力使得开展肿瘤体细胞突变测序的大规模项目以及直接干预癌细胞的遗传机制成为可能。它们积累了大量关于肿瘤中基因变异及相应表型表现的知识。在不久的将来，这些知识将在临床实践中得到应用。本综述描述了寻找必需基因的主要实验和计算方法，重点关注这些方法在分子肿瘤学领域的应用。
