Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 1417755469, Tehran, Iran.
Human and Animal Cell Bank, Iranian Biological Resource Center (IBRC), ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
J Mol Neurosci. 2018 Oct;66(2):172-179. doi: 10.1007/s12031-018-1135-x. Epub 2018 Aug 23.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles, including exosomes and microvesicles. EVs are nanometer sized, found in physiological fluids such as urine, blood, cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF), with a capacity of transferring various biological materials such as microRNAs, proteins, and lipids among cells without direct cell-to-cell contact. Many cells in the nervous system have been shown to release EVs. These vesicles are involved in intercellular communication and a variety of biological processes such as modulation of immune response, signal transduction, and transport of genetic materials with low immunogenicity; therefore, they have also been recently investigated for the delivery of therapeutic molecules such as siRNAs and drugs in the treatment of diseases. In addition, since EV components reflect the physiological status of the cells and tissues producing them, they can be utilized as biomarkers for early detection of various diseases. In this review, we summarize EV application, in diagnosis as biomarker sources and as a carrier tool for drug delivery in EV-based therapies in neurodegenerative diseases.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）是带有膜的囊泡，包括外泌体和微泡。EVs 的尺寸为纳米级，存在于生理液中，如尿液、血液、脑脊液（CSF），能够在没有直接细胞间接触的情况下在细胞之间传递各种生物材料，如 microRNAs、蛋白质和脂质。许多神经系统中的细胞已被证明会释放 EVs。这些囊泡参与细胞间通讯和多种生物学过程，如免疫反应的调节、信号转导以及具有低免疫原性的遗传物质的运输；因此，它们最近也被用于治疗疾病中治疗分子如 siRNAs 和药物的递送。此外，由于 EV 成分反映了产生它们的细胞和组织的生理状态，因此它们可用作各种疾病早期检测的生物标志物。在这篇综述中，我们总结了 EV 在神经退行性疾病中作为基于 EV 的治疗中药物递送的诊断生物标志物来源和载体工具的应用。
