Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland.
Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland.
J Neuroendocrinol. 2018 Oct;30(10):e12641. doi: 10.1111/jne.12641. Epub 2018 Oct 7.
Effective coordination of the biological stress response is integral for the behavioural well-being of an organism. Stress reactivity is coordinated by an interplay of the neuroendocrine system and the sympathetic nervous system. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a key role in orchestrating the bodily responses to stress, and the activity of the axis can be modified by a wide range of experiential events. This review focuses on several factors that influence subsequent HPA axis reactivity. Some of these factors include early-life adversity, exposure to chronic stress, immune activation and traumatic brain injury. The central premise is that each of these experiences serves as a general vulnerability factor that accelerates future HPA axis reactivity in ways that make individuals more sensitive to stress challenges, therefore feeding forward into the exacerbation of ongoing (or greater susceptibility toward) future stress-related disease states, especially as they pertain to negative affect and overall brain health.
有效的生物应激反应协调对于生物体的行为健康至关重要。应激反应是由神经内分泌系统和交感神经系统的相互作用协调的。下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴在协调身体对压力的反应方面起着关键作用，轴的活动可以通过广泛的体验事件来改变。本综述重点介绍了几个影响随后 HPA 轴反应性的因素。其中一些因素包括早期生活逆境、慢性应激暴露、免疫激活和创伤性脑损伤。中心前提是，这些经历中的每一种都作为一个普遍的脆弱性因素，以加速未来 HPA 轴反应性的方式使个体对压力挑战更加敏感，从而加剧正在进行的（或对未来与压力相关的疾病状态更易感性），特别是当涉及到负面情绪和整体大脑健康时。
