Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche (ITB), Rome, Italy; Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, Milan, Italy.
Int Rev Neurobiol. 2018;139:463-484. doi: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.07.031. Epub 2018 Aug 7.
This chapter provides a synthetic overview of the contemporary debate over the ethics of placebos and placebo effects in both clinical and research contexts. Section 1 briefly reconstructs how ethical attitudes toward the use of placebos have changed during the last century following the emergence of autonomy in medical ethics. Next, Sections 2-4 chart the main ethical issues concerning the use of placebos in clinical settings, examining: the ethics of deceptive placebos; the ethics of placebos without deception; and the ethics of modulating placebo and nocebo effects without placebos. Finally, Section 5 outlines the role of placebos in research, discussing the ethics of placebos as controls in clinical experiments.
这一章提供了一个关于安慰剂和安慰剂效应在临床和研究背景下的伦理争议的综合概述。第 1 节简要重建了在医学伦理自主性出现后，上个世纪以来人们对安慰剂使用的伦理态度是如何变化的。接下来，第 2-4 节绘制了涉及临床环境中使用安慰剂的主要伦理问题，考察了：欺骗性安慰剂的伦理；无欺骗性安慰剂的伦理；以及在没有安慰剂的情况下调节安慰剂和反安慰剂效应的伦理。最后，第 5 节概述了安慰剂在研究中的作用，讨论了安慰剂作为临床试验对照的伦理。
