Gornick Janet C, Smeeding Timothy M
Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA;
Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA;
Annu Rev Sociol. 2018 Jul;44:441-468. doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041114. Epub 2018 May 25.
We review research on institutions of redistribution operating in high-income countries. Focusing on the nonelderly, we invoke the concept of the household income package, which includes income from labor, from related households, and from the state. Accordingly, we assess three institutional arenas: predistribution (rules and regulations that govern paid work), private redistribution (interhousehold transfers), and conventional public redistribution (operating via cash transfers and direct taxes). In each arena, we assess underlying policy logics, identify current policy controversies, summarize contemporary cross-national policy variation, and synthesize existing findings on policy effects. Our assessment of redistributional effects focuses on three core socioeconomic outcomes: low pay, child poverty, and income inequality. We close by assessing how the three institutional arenas perform collectively and by calling for further work on how these institutions change over time and how they affect subgroups differentially.
我们回顾了在高收入国家运作的再分配制度的研究。以非老年人为重点，我们引入了家庭收入组合的概念，其中包括来自劳动、相关家庭和国家的收入。据此，我们评估三个制度领域：预分配（管理有偿工作的规则和条例）、私人再分配（家庭间转移）和传统公共再分配（通过现金转移和直接税运作）。在每个领域，我们评估潜在的政策逻辑，确定当前的政策争议，总结当代跨国政策差异，并综合现有关于政策效果的研究结果。我们对再分配效果的评估侧重于三个核心社会经济结果：低工资、儿童贫困和收入不平等。最后，我们评估这三个制度领域的整体表现，并呼吁进一步研究这些制度如何随时间变化以及它们如何对不同亚群体产生不同影响。
