Harvard University.
University of North Carolina.
J Cogn Neurosci. 2019 Jan;31(1):64-77. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01331. Epub 2018 Aug 29.
Inhibitory control, the capacity to suppress an inappropriate response, is a process employed for guiding action selection in the service of goal-directed behavior. Under neutral circumstances, inhibitory control success improves from childhood to adulthood and has been associated with developmental shifts in functional activation and connectivity of the PFC. However, the ability to exercise inhibitory control is challenged in certain contexts by including appetitive cues, a phenomenon that may be particularly pronounced in youths. Here, we examine the magnitude and temporal persistence of learned value's influence on inhibitory control in a cross-sectional sample of 8- to 25-year-olds. Participants first underwent conditioning of a motor approach response to two initially neutral cues, with one cue reinforced with monetary reward and the other with no monetary outcome. Subsequently, during fMRI, participants reencountered these cues as no-go targets in a nonreinforced go/no-go paradigm. Although the influence of learned value increasingly disrupted inhibitory control with increasing age, in young adults this pattern remitted over the course of the task, whereas during adolescence the impairing effect of reward history persisted. Successful no-go performance to the previously rewarded target was related to greater recruitment of the right inferior frontal gyrus and age-related increase in functional connectivity between the inferior frontal gyrus and the ventromedial PFC for the previously rewarded no-go target over the control target. Together, results indicate the complex influence of value on goals over development relies upon the increased coordination of distinct higher-order regions in the PFC.
抑制控制，即抑制不当反应的能力，是一种用于指导目标导向行为中行动选择的过程。在中性情况下，抑制控制能力会从儿童期到成年期逐渐提高，并与 PFC 功能激活和连接的发育转变相关。然而，在某些情况下，包括奖赏线索会挑战抑制控制的能力，这种现象在年轻人中可能更为明显。在这里，我们在一个 8 至 25 岁的横断面样本中检查了学习价值对抑制控制的影响的大小和时间持久性。参与者首先对两个最初中性线索的运动接近反应进行条件作用，其中一个线索用金钱奖励强化，另一个没有金钱结果。随后，在 fMRI 期间，参与者在非强化的 Go/No-Go 范式中重新遇到这些线索作为不可行的目标。尽管随着年龄的增长，学习价值的影响越来越大，从而破坏了抑制控制，但在年轻成年人中，这种模式在任务过程中会消退，而在青春期，奖励历史的损害效应会持续存在。对于之前奖励过的目标的成功的不可行表现与右额下回的更大招募以及与之前奖励过的不可行目标相比，额下回与腹内侧前额叶之间的功能连接的年龄相关增加有关。总的来说，结果表明，价值对目标的复杂影响在发育过程中依赖于 PFC 中不同高阶区域的协调增加。
