College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China.
Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2018 Nov 30;164:713-721. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.073. Epub 2018 Aug 29.
Bisphenol A (BPA) has been recognized by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) as an endocrine disruptor, and its use in thermo paper has been restricted from 2020 under the Regulation concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). However, substances with similar structures such as bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol AF (BPAF) are widely used as BPA substitutes and commonly detected in aquatic environments. In this study, the water quality criteria of BPA, BPAF and BPF for protecting the aquatic life were derived to provide safety thresholds for their environment risk management. To accomplish this, the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method was applied based on ecotoxicity data available in the literature and the supplementary toxicity test results for BPF and BPAF towards Marisa cornuarietis, Chironomus tentans and Scenedesmus obliquus. When compared with BPF, BPAF was found to be more acutely and chronically toxic to Marisa cornuarietis, Chironomus tentans and Scenedesmus obliquus, among which Chironomus tentans showed the most sensitivity. The criteria maximum concentrations (CMCs) of BPA, BPF and BPAF were derived to be 520, 227, and 43.4 μg‧L, while the criteria continuous concentrations (CCCs) were 7.50, 54.0 and 26.4 μg‧L, respectively. These findings indicate that BPA, BPF and BPAF posed negligible risks in typical rivers and lakes with available exposure concentrations because their measured concentrations are below their CCCs.
双酚 A（BPA）已被欧洲化学品管理局（ECHA）确认为一种内分泌干扰物，根据《关于化学品注册、评估、授权和限制的法规》（REACH），自 2020 年起，热敏纸中禁止使用 BPA。然而，具有类似结构的物质，如双酚 F（BPF）和双酚 AF（BPAF），被广泛用作 BPA 的替代品，并且在水生环境中经常被检测到。在这项研究中，为了保护水生生物，推导了 BPA、BPAF 和 BPF 的水质标准，为其环境风险管理提供了安全阈值。为了实现这一目标，应用了物种敏感性分布（SSD）方法，该方法基于文献中可用的生态毒性数据以及对 BPF 和 BPAF 对 Marisa cornuarietis、Chironomus tentans 和 Scenedesmus obliquus 的补充毒性测试结果。与 BPF 相比，BPAF 对 Marisa cornuarietis、Chironomus tentans 和 Scenedesmus obliquus 的急性和慢性毒性更高，其中 Chironomus tentans 的敏感性最高。BPA、BPF 和 BPAF 的浓度最大限值（CMC）分别推导为 520、227 和 43.4μg‧L，而浓度连续限值（CCC）分别为 7.50、54.0 和 26.4μg‧L。这些发现表明，在具有可用暴露浓度的典型河流和湖泊中，BPA、BPF 和 BPAF 不会产生显著风险，因为它们的实测浓度低于 CCC。
