Davies Peter L, Graham Laurie A
a Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences , Queen's University , Kingston , Canada.
Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2018 Dec;64(6):403-416. doi: 10.1080/19396368.2018.1511764. Epub 2018 Sep 4.
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) protect marine fishes from freezing in icy seawater. They evolved relatively recently, most likely in response to the formation of sea ice and Cenozoic glaciations that occurred less than 50 million years ago, following a greenhouse Earth event. Based on their diversity, AFPs have independently evolved on many occasions to serve the same function, with some remarkable examples of convergent evolution at the structural level, and even instances of lateral gene transfer. For some AFPs, the progenitor gene is recognizable. The intense selection pressure exerted by icy seawater, which can rapidly kill unprotected fish, has led to massive AFP gene amplification, as well as some partial gene duplications that have increased the size and activity of the antifreeze. The many protein evolutionary processes described in Gordon H. Dixon's Essays in Biochemistry article will be illustrated here by examples from studies on AFPs. Abbreviations: AFGP: antifreeze glycoproteins; AFP: antifreeze proteins; GHD: Gordon H. Dixon; SAS: sialic acid synthase; TH: thermal hysteresis.
抗冻蛋白（AFPs）保护海洋鱼类在冰冷海水中不被冻死。它们是相对较近才进化出来的，很可能是对海冰形成以及不到5000万年前在温室地球事件之后发生的新生代冰川作用的一种响应。基于其多样性，抗冻蛋白在许多情况下独立进化以发挥相同功能，在结构层面有一些显著的趋同进化例子，甚至还有横向基因转移的情况。对于某些抗冻蛋白来说，其祖先基因是可识别的。冰冷海水施加的强大选择压力能迅速杀死未受保护的鱼类，这导致了抗冻蛋白基因的大量扩增，以及一些部分基因重复，从而增加了抗冻物质的大小和活性。戈登·H·迪克森（Gordon H. Dixon）在《生物化学论文集》文章中描述的许多蛋白质进化过程将通过抗冻蛋白研究的例子在此进行说明。缩写：AFGP：抗冻糖蛋白；AFP：抗冻蛋白；GHD：戈登·H·迪克森；SAS：唾液酸合酶；TH：热滞。
