Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic.
Chem Soc Rev. 2018 Sep 17;47(18):6964-6989. doi: 10.1039/c8cs00425k.
There is an increasing demand for efficient energy storage systems in our modern mobile society for a wide range of applications such as smart grids, portable electronic devices, and electric vehicles. The performance of advanced batteries in terms of energy density, power density, cyclability, and safety is mainly determined by the primary functional components, particularly by the electrode materials. Black phosphorus (BP) and the following elements in group V (pnictogens) including arsenic, antimony, and bismuth with layered structures have attracted tremendous attention to replace the graphite anode. This is due to their extremely high specific-capacities for lithium and sodium storage based on the alloying reaction mechanism; however, the same mechanism causes an irreversible volume expansion and thus low cycling stability. Since the discovery of single layer BP and its outstanding physical properties such as tunable band gap, strong in-plane anisotropy, and high carrier mobility, the battery community have intensively studied this material as well as the 2D structures of other pnictogens. In this review, first, the preparation and properties of 2D-pnictogens including crystal structure and chemical stability are briefly described. Second, the theoretical and experimental details of the intercalation and alloying mechanisms are discussed. Finally, the excellent performance of 2D-pnictogens for lithium ion and sodium ion batteries and their principal advantages compared to their parent 3D structures are presented.
在我们现代的移动社会中，对各种应用（如智能电网、便携式电子设备和电动汽车）的高效储能系统的需求日益增长。先进电池的性能（能量密度、功率密度、循环稳定性和安全性）主要取决于主要功能组件，特别是电极材料。具有层状结构的黑磷 (BP) 和 V 族（磷族元素）中的以下元素（砷、锑和铋）因其基于合金化反应机制的极高锂和钠存储比容量而引起了极大关注，可替代石墨阳极。然而，相同的机制导致不可逆的体积膨胀，从而导致循环稳定性差。自从单层 BP 的发现及其出色的物理性质（可调带隙、强面内各向异性和高载流子迁移率）以来，电池界也对这种材料以及其他磷族元素的二维结构进行了深入研究。在这篇综述中，首先简要描述了二维磷族元素的制备和性质，包括晶体结构和化学稳定性。其次，讨论了插层和合金化机制的理论和实验细节。最后，介绍了二维磷族元素在锂离子和钠离子电池中的优异性能及其与母体 3D 结构相比的主要优势。
