Vaillancourt Régis, Zender Mike P, Coulon Laurie, Pouliot Annie
, OMM, CD, BPharm, PharmD, FCSHP, is with the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario.
, MFA, is with the School of Design, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Can J Hosp Pharm. 2018 Jul-Aug;71(4):243-257. Epub 2018 Aug 28.
A panel of medication management experts previously identified 9 key medication safety issues and high-alert drug classes as representing the most pressing medication-handling issues in health care.
To develop medication safety pictograms depicting medication safety issues and high-alert drug classes that represent medication-handling risks for health care personnel.
An iterative design process, including activities such as semiotic analysis, design/redesign, and evaluation, was used to develop medication safety pictograms. Nurses, physicians, pharmacists, and students listed and drew graphic elements to depict each of the 9 key medication safety issues. Graduate students in graphic design developed the preliminary pictograms for the study. A Delphi survey was then conducted with experts recruited from the International Pharmaceutical Federation to reach consensus on the pictograms and provide feedback to the graphic designers. Health care providers from around the world were invited to participate in a survey to determine a preferred pictogram for each safety warning.
For each medication safety issue, 3 to 5 pictograms were developed on the basis of graphic elements suggested by 52 health care providers. These pictograms were then presented to 58 experts in 2 rounds of a Delphi process. For each medication safety issue, consensus on the 2 best pictograms was reached and feedback provided. A total of 799 participants from 61 countries responded to the international preference survey. Most of the participants ( = 536, 67.1%) were Canadian, and of those, 385 (71.8%) were pharmacists. In 8 categories, consensus on the preferred pictogram was reached across the health care professions; however, a difference in preference was apparent for the pictogram representing "neuromuscular blocking agent", with nurses' preferred pictogram differing from the preference of other participants.
This project produced pictograms to illustrate 9 important medication safety issues, which can now be validated through comprehension and recall assessments. Further study can also determine their potential to reduce medication administration errors.
一组药物管理专家此前确定了9个关键的药物安全问题和高警示药物类别，这些被视为医疗保健领域中最紧迫的药物处理问题。
开发描绘药物安全问题和高警示药物类别的药物安全象形图，这些象形图代表了医护人员在药物处理过程中的风险。
采用迭代设计过程，包括符号分析、设计/重新设计和评估等活动，以开发药物安全象形图。护士、医生、药剂师和学生列出并绘制图形元素，以描绘9个关键药物安全问题中的每一个。平面设计专业的研究生为该研究开发了初步的象形图。随后对从国际制药联合会招募的专家进行了德尔菲调查，以就象形图达成共识，并向平面设计师提供反馈。邀请来自世界各地的医疗保健提供者参与一项调查，以确定每个安全警告的首选象形图。
针对每个药物安全问题，根据52名医疗保健提供者提出的图形元素，开发了3至5个象形图。然后在两轮德尔菲过程中，将这些象形图展示给58名专家。针对每个药物安全问题，就2个最佳象形图达成了共识并提供了反馈。来自61个国家的799名参与者回应了国际偏好调查。大多数参与者（n = 536，67.1%）是加拿大人，其中385人（71.8%）是药剂师。在8个类别中，医疗保健专业人员就首选象形图达成了共识；然而，对于代表“神经肌肉阻滞剂”的象形图，偏好存在明显差异，护士的首选象形图与其他参与者的偏好不同。
该项目制作了象形图来说明9个重要的药物安全问题，现在可以通过理解和回忆评估来验证这些象形图。进一步的研究还可以确定它们在减少用药错误方面的潜力。
