University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
University of Pittsburgh Office of Child Development, 400 North Lexington Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15208-2561, USA.
Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2019 Jun;22(2):208-224. doi: 10.1007/s10567-018-0270-9.
We review a series of interrelated studies on the development of children residing in institutions (i.e., orphanages) in the Russian Federation or placed with families in the USA and the Russian Federation. These studies rely on a single population, and many potential parameters that typically vary in the literature are similar across studies. The conceptual focus is on the role of early caregiver-child interactions and environmental factors that influence those interactions in children's development. Generally, children residing in institutions that provided minimal caregiver-child interactions displayed delayed physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development. Children and adolescents adopted from such institutions at 18 months of age or older had higher rates of behavioral and executive function problems, even many years after adoption. An intervention that improved the institutional environment by increasing the quality of caregiver-child interactions-without changes in nutrition, medical care, sanitation, and safety-led to substantial increases in the physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development of resident children with and without disabilities. Follow-up studies of children in this intervention who were subsequently placed with USA and Russian families revealed some longer-term benefits of the intervention. Implications are discussed for theoretical understanding of the role of early caregiver-child interactions in development as well as for practice and policy.
我们回顾了一系列关于俄罗斯联邦孤儿院或美俄两国寄养家庭中儿童发展的相关研究。这些研究基于单一人群，文献中通常存在差异的许多潜在参数在研究中较为相似。概念重点是早期照顾者与儿童互动以及影响这些互动的环境因素在儿童发展中的作用。一般来说，在很少有照顾者与儿童互动的机构中生活的儿童，其身体、认知和社会情感发展较为迟缓。18 个月或更大的年龄从这些机构中领养的儿童和青少年，即使在领养多年后，也存在更高的行为和执行功能问题的比率。通过增加照顾者与儿童互动的质量来改善机构环境的干预措施——不改变营养、医疗保健、卫生和安全——导致有和没有残疾的居住儿童在身体、认知和社会情感发展方面有了实质性的提高。对该干预措施中随后被安置在美国和俄罗斯家庭的儿童进行的后续研究揭示了该干预措施的一些长期效益。讨论了对早期照顾者与儿童互动在发展中的作用的理论理解以及对实践和政策的影响。
