Sex-specific patterns of gene expression following influenza vaccination.

Sex-based variations in the immune response to the influenza vaccines was reported, however, the genetic basis responsible for the sex variations in the immune response toward the influenza vaccines remains unclear. Here, the genes responsible for sex-specific responses after vaccination with trivalent inactivated influenza virus were identified. These genes were enriched in virus response pathways, especially interferon signaling. A list of genes showing different responses to the vaccine between females and males were obtained next. Our results demonstrated that females generate stronger immune responses to seasonal influenza vaccines within 24 hours than males. However, most of these genes with variability between sexes had the opposite expression levels after three days, suggesting that males retained the immune responses longer than female. To summary, our study identified genes responsible for the sex variations toward influenza vaccination. Our findings might provide insights into the development of the sex-dependent influenza vaccines.