Jonker Tanya R, Wammes Jeffrey D, MacLeod Colin M
Department of Psychology.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2019 Apr;45(4):689-699. doi: 10.1037/xlm0000610. Epub 2018 Sep 13.
Drawing a picture of the referent of a word produces considerably better recall and recognition of that word than does a baseline condition, such as repeatedly writing the word, a phenomenon referred to as the drawing effect. Although the drawing effect has been the focus of much recent research, it is not yet clear what underlies the beneficial effects of drawing to memory. In 3 experiments, we explored the roles of item and order information following drawing versus silent reading and produced 2 important findings. First, the drawing effect in recall was substantially larger when the 2 conditions were intermixed in a single list compared to appearing in separate lists-in other words, drawing produced a design effect. Second, the studied order was better retained for silent reading compared to drawing in pure lists. These findings are consistent with the item-order account: Memory for the order of drawn lists is poorer because the elaborative act of drawing disrupts the encoding of interitem associations (i.e., relational information) between all list items. Thus, the selection of an encoding task should be informed by how that memory might be used in the future; if one wants to remember individual items, then an elaborative task such as drawing is recommended; if one wants to remember their sequence, it is likely better to read silently. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
绘制一个单词所指对象的图片，比起诸如反复书写该单词等基线条件，能显著提高对该单词的回忆和识别能力，这种现象被称为绘图效应。尽管绘图效应是近期诸多研究的焦点，但绘图对记忆产生有益影响的潜在原因仍不明确。在3项实验中，我们探究了绘图与默读后项目信息和顺序信息所起的作用，并得出了两项重要发现。首先，与出现在单独列表中相比，当这两种条件在单个列表中混合出现时，回忆中的绘图效应要大得多——换句话说，绘图产生了一种设计效应。其次，在纯列表中，默读比绘图能更好地保留所学习的顺序。这些发现与项目顺序理论相符：对绘图列表顺序的记忆较差，是因为绘图这一精细加工行为会干扰所有列表项目之间项目间关联（即关系信息）的编码。因此，编码任务的选择应依据未来可能如何使用该记忆来决定；如果想要记住单个项目，那么建议采用绘图等精细加工任务；如果想要记住它们的顺序，默读可能会更好。（《心理学文摘数据库记录》（c）2019美国心理学会，保留所有权利）
