Research and Development, Motus Global, Rockville Centre, New York, USA.
Sports Health and Performance Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Am J Sports Med. 2018 Oct;46(12):3002-3006. doi: 10.1177/0363546518795892. Epub 2018 Sep 14.
Elbow injuries among adolescent baseball players have been outpacing those of college and professional players. In attempts to prevent injuries and maximize return-to-play potential following injury, attention has been focused on "return to throw" programs, which include long-toss throws. Because the few studies that were conducted on long-toss throwing focused primarily on college-aged athletes, it is not known what type of load is incurred at the elbow during interval throwing progression among high school baseball players.
To quantify the change in arm slot, arm speed, shoulder external rotation, and elbow varus torque across increasing throwing distances within a given athlete.
Descriptive laboratory study.
Ninety-five high school baseball players performed a long-toss protocol while wearing an inertial sensor and sleeve. Each participant was tested for 5 throws at distances of 9 m, 18 m, 27 m, 37 m, and 46 m. Linear mixed-effects models and likelihood ratio tests were used to estimate the within-participant relationship between throw distance and arm slot, arm speed, shoulder external rotation, and elbow varus torque.
Arm slot ( P < .01), arm speed ( P < .01), shoulder external rotation ( P < .01), and elbow varus torque ( P < .01) were significantly associated with long-toss throw distance. As the throw distance increased, there was an increase in arm speed and shoulder external rotation and a decrease in arm slot for each distance. However, elbow varus torque increased with each distance up to 37 m and then remained the same at 46 m.
The use of longer distances for conditioning and rehabilitation may be beneficial in increasing shoulder range of motion and arm speed; however, precaution needs to be taken, as throwing longer distances are accompanied by an increase in arm rotation, arm speed, and elbow torque, with a decrease in arm slot.
Return-to-throw programs have been utilized by sports medicine clinicians and coaches to help guide a player during rehabilitation. These programs involve throwing at increased efforts through increased distances with no immediate feedback on elbow stress. This investigation describes arm biomechanical changes during submaximum interval throwing and demonstrates a tool that can be utilized to measure arm stress in real time for clinicians and athletes progressing through an interval throwing program.
青少年棒球运动员的肘部受伤已经超过了大学生和职业运动员。为了预防受伤并最大限度地提高受伤后的重返赛场能力，人们关注的焦点是“重返投球”计划，其中包括长投投球。由于之前进行的关于长投投掷的研究主要集中在大学生运动员身上，因此尚不清楚高中生在间隔投掷进展过程中肘部会承受多大的负荷。
定量研究在给定运动员内，随着投掷距离的增加，臂位、臂速、肩外旋和肘内翻扭矩的变化。
描述性实验室研究。
95 名高中棒球运动员在佩戴惯性传感器和袖套的情况下进行了长投试验。每位参与者在 9m、18m、27m、37m 和 46m 的距离进行 5 次投掷测试。线性混合效应模型和似然比检验用于估计投掷距离与臂位、臂速、肩外旋和肘内翻扭矩的个体内关系。
臂位（ P <.01）、臂速（ P <.01）、肩外旋（ P <.01）和肘内翻扭矩（ P <.01）与长投投掷距离显著相关。随着投掷距离的增加，臂速和肩外旋增加，而每个距离的臂位减小。然而，肘内翻扭矩在 37m 之前随着距离的增加而增加，然后在 46m 时保持不变。
在增加肩部活动范围和臂速方面，使用更长的距离进行训练和康复可能是有益的；然而，需要谨慎，因为投掷更长的距离伴随着手臂旋转、臂速和肘部扭矩的增加，以及臂位的降低。
运动医学临床医生和教练已经使用了重返投球计划来帮助指导球员在康复过程中进行康复。这些计划涉及通过增加距离来增加投掷的努力，而没有对肘部压力的即时反馈。本研究描述了亚最大间隔投掷过程中的手臂生物力学变化，并展示了一种可以实时测量临床医生和运动员在间隔投掷计划中手臂压力的工具。
