Calcei Jacob G, Freehill Michael T
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2021 Jun;14(3):224-231. doi: 10.1007/s12178-021-09706-7. Epub 2021 Apr 8.
Overhead throwing is a particularly violent motion that requires a complex sequence of timed muscle activations to efficiently transfer energy up the kinetic chain to throw a ball. Long-toss has long been utilized as a means of increasing shoulder range of motion, strength, and endurance, as well as an important component of rehabilitation in interval throwing programs. The purpose of this review is to assess the current literature on the science and biomechanics of long-toss.
While long-toss is ubiquitously utilized in throwing programs for pitchers of all ages, the definition of long-toss, as well as its primary function in a throwing program, is debated. Throwing biomechanics in long-toss differ from that of mound pitching, although much of the variation is determined by the type of long-toss: shorter distance and on a line versus maximum distance and not on a line. Biomechanical factors including the kinematic changes of increased maximum glenohumeral external rotation, increased maximum elbow flexion, decreased trunk forward flexion at front foot contact, kinetic changes of increased shoulder internal rotation torque, increased elbow varus torque, and increased elbow extension velocity can occur with maximum distance long-toss throwing. Long-toss is a highly variable training supplement that is used in throwing programs at all levels of baseball competition. Current literature has demonstrated a number of kinetic and kinematic changes in the throwing arm and throwing motion related to increasing long-toss distances. However, the exact benefits of long-toss are difficult to quantify due to the numerous definitions and various utilizations of long-toss.
过头投掷是一种特别剧烈的动作，需要一系列复杂的、按时间顺序进行的肌肉激活，以便有效地将能量沿动力链向上传递来投球。长期以来，长投一直被用作增加肩部活动范围、力量和耐力的一种手段，也是间歇投掷训练计划中康复的重要组成部分。本综述的目的是评估目前关于长投科学和生物力学的文献。
虽然长投在所有年龄段投手的投掷训练中都被广泛使用，但长投的定义及其在投掷训练中的主要功能仍存在争议。长投中的投掷生物力学与投手丘投球不同，不过大部分差异取决于长投的类型：较短距离且沿直线投掷与最大距离且不沿直线投掷。在最大距离长投时，生物力学因素包括最大盂肱关节外旋增加、最大肘关节屈曲增加、前脚着地时躯干前屈减少等运动学变化，以及肩内旋扭矩增加、肘内翻扭矩增加和肘伸展速度增加等动力学变化。长投是一种高度可变的训练补充手段，在各级棒球比赛的投掷训练中都有使用。目前的文献已经证明，随着长投距离增加，投掷手臂和投掷动作会出现一些动力学和运动学变化。然而，由于长投的定义众多且使用方式各异，长投的确切益处难以量化。
