Type 1 Diabetes: Management Strategies.

There is considerable benefit of tight glucose control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Tight blood glucose control dramatically decreases the incidence of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Although glycemic goals should be individualized, most nonpregnant adults should strive for an A1C level less than 7%. Greater frequency of glucose monitoring and continuous glucose monitoring are both associated with lower A1C levels. The choice to monitor glucose levels via multiple daily capillary blood samples or continuous glucose monitoring is based on cost and patient preference. Intensive insulin treatment is recommended with a combination of multiple mealtime bolus and basal injections or with continuous insulin infusion through an insulin pump. The option to administer insulin with multiple daily injections vs. a pump should be individualized. Adjunctive medical therapy is under investigation but is not currently recommended. All patients with type 1 diabetes should participate in diabetes self-management education and develop individualized premeal insulin bolus plans under the guidance of a dietitian, if possible. Blood pressure and lipid control are important to prevent cardiovascular disease events. Patients with type 1 diabetes should have sick-day plans and be able to identify warning signs of hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis. Advances in diabetes care, including the bionic pancreas and the closed-loop system of glucose monitoring with an automated insulin pump, may have a significant effect on type 1 diabetes care in the years ahead.