Availability and Affordability of Drugs With a Conditional Approval by the European Medicines Agency; Comparison of Korea With Other Countries and the Implications.

There have been concerns with the availability and affordability of EMA's recently approved medicines with a conditional approval in Korea. This needs to be addressed to provide future guidance to the authorities in Korea. Compare the availability and affordability of medicines with a conditional approval by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) among 12 countries (United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Japan, Canada, Taiwan, Australia, New Zealand, and Korea) in light of access to medicine concerns in Korea. Thirteen medicines were selected and compared in terms of their availability and affordability across 12 countries. Approval rate for the selected medicines and time lag to approval on the basis of EMA's approval dates were calculated. Reimbursement status and prices were compared as proxies of affordability. The average approval rate was 31.9% for the selected medicines for all countries outside the EU countries. The highest rate was in United States (69.2%) followed by Korea and Switzerland (46.5%). An average of 238 days was taken among the countries for approval. The United States (median: -355 days) was the country where the medicines were most rapidly approved. Korea (152 days) ranked the fifth most rapidly approving country. An average listing or reimbursement rate for all countries was 54.1%. The United States ranked 100% for the listing of their approved medicines followed by Germany (92.3%). Korea (66.7%) ranked eighth. Price dispersion ranged from 1.1 to 3.1. Korean prices of the selected medicines were found to be neither high nor low when compared to other countries. Korea was found to be a country where marketing authorization for more medicines tended to be made and subsequent reimbursement and pricing were not rigid even generous compared to other Asian-pacific countries. Korean drug benefit policies for listing and pricing did not appear to hinder access to medicines even with a conditional approval in comparison with others.