Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
J Neuroimmunol. 2018 Nov 15;324:54-75. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.09.003. Epub 2018 Sep 12.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by chronic inflammatory response-induced demyelination of the neurons and degeneration of the axons within the central nervous system (CNS). A complex network of immunopathological-, inflammatory- and oxidative parameters involve in the development and advancement of MS. The anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-oxidative characteristics of the ginger and several of its components have been indicated in some of experimental and clinical investigations. The possible therapeutic potentials of ginger and its ingredients in the treatment of MS may exert mainly through the regulation of the Th1-, Th2-, Th9-, Th17-, Th22- and Treg cell-related immune responses, down-regulation of the B cell-related immune responses, modulation of the macrophages-related responses, modulation of the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, down-regulation of the arachidonic acid-derived mediators, interfering with the toll like receptor-related signaling pathways, suppression of the inflammasomes, down-regulation of the oxidative stress, reduction of the adhesion molecules expression, and down-regulation of the expression of the chemokines and chemokine receptors. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive knowledge regarding the immunomodulatory-, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of ginger and its components, and highlight novel insights into the possible therapeutic potentials of this plant for treatment of MS. The review encourages more investigations to consider the therapeutic potentials of ginger and its effective components for managing of MS.
多发性硬化症（MS）的特征是中枢神经系统（CNS）内神经元的慢性炎症反应诱导的脱髓鞘和轴突变性。免疫病理、炎症和氧化参数的复杂网络参与了 MS 的发展和进展。生姜及其几种成分具有抗炎、免疫调节和抗氧化特性，在一些实验和临床研究中得到了证实。生姜及其成分在治疗 MS 中的可能治疗潜力可能主要通过调节 Th1、Th2、Th9、Th17、Th22 和 Treg 细胞相关的免疫反应、下调 B 细胞相关的免疫反应、调节巨噬细胞相关反应、调节促炎和抗炎细胞因子的产生、下调花生四烯酸衍生介质、干扰 Toll 样受体相关信号通路、抑制炎症小体、下调氧化应激、减少粘附分子表达以及下调趋化因子和趋化因子受体的表达来发挥作用。本综述旨在提供关于生姜及其成分的免疫调节、抗炎和抗氧化特性的综合知识，并强调该植物在治疗 MS 方面的潜在治疗作用的新见解。本综述鼓励进行更多的研究，以考虑生姜及其有效成分在管理 MS 方面的治疗潜力。
