Clark John M, Schaeffer Blake A, Darling John A, Urquhart Erin A, Johnston John M, Ignatius Amber, Myer Mark H, Loftin Keith A, Werdell P Jeremy, Stumpf Richard P
ORISE Fellow, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory.
Ecol Indic. 2017 Sep;80:84-95. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.04.046.
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHAB) cause extensive problems in lakes worldwide, including human and ecological health risks, anoxia and fish kills, and taste and odor problems. CyanoHABs are a particular concern in both recreational waters and drinking source waters because of their dense biomass and the risk of exposure to toxins. Successful cyanoHAB assessment using satellites may provide an indicator for human and ecological health protection, In this study, methods were developed to assess the utility of satellite technology for detecting cyanoHAB frequency of occurrence at locations of potential management interest. The European Space Agency's MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) was evaluated to prepare for the equivalent series of Sentine1-3 Ocean and Land Colour Imagers (OLCI) launched in 2016 as part of the Copernicus program. Based on the 2012 National Lakes Assessment site evaluation guidelines and National Hydrography Dataset, the continental United States contains 275,897 lakes and reservoirs >1 hectare in area. Results from this study show that 5.6 % of waterbodies were resolvable by satellites with 300 m single-pixel resolution and 0.7 % of waterbodies were resolvable when a three by three pixel (3×3-pixel) array was applied based on minimum Euclidian distance from shore. Satellite data were spatially joined to U.S. public water surface intake (PWSI) locations, where single-pixel resolution resolved 57% of the PWSI locations and a 3×3-pixel array resolved 33% of the PWSI locations. Recreational and drinking water sources in Florida and Ohio were ranked from 2008 through 2011 by cyanoHAB frequency above the World Health Organization's (WHO) high threshold for risk of 100,000 cells mL. The ranking identified waterbodies with values above the WHO high threshold, where Lake Apopka, FL (99.1 %) and Grand Lake St. Marys, OH (83 %) had the highest observed bloom frequencies per region. The method presented here may indicate locations with high exposure to cyanoHABs and therefore can be used to assist in prioritizing management resources and actions for recreational and drinking water sources.
蓝藻有害藻华（cyanoHAB）在全球湖泊中引发了诸多问题，包括对人类和生态健康的风险、缺氧和鱼类死亡，以及味道和气味问题。由于其生物量密集且存在毒素暴露风险，cyanoHAB在娱乐用水和饮用水源水中尤其令人担忧。利用卫星成功进行cyanoHAB评估可为人类和生态健康保护提供一个指标。在本研究中，开发了一些方法来评估卫星技术在检测潜在管理关注地点的cyanoHAB发生频率方面的效用。对欧洲航天局的中分辨率成像光谱仪（MERIS）进行了评估，为2016年作为哥白尼计划一部分发射的等效系列哨兵1 - 3海洋和陆地彩色成像仪（OLCI）做准备。根据2012年国家湖泊评估站点评估指南和国家水文数据集，美国大陆面积大于1公顷的湖泊和水库有275,897个。本研究结果表明，对于300米单像素分辨率的卫星，5.6%的水体可分辨；基于离岸边的最小欧几里得距离应用3×3像素阵列时，0.7%的水体可分辨。卫星数据在空间上与美国公共地表水取水口（PWSI）位置相关联，单像素分辨率分辨了57%的PWSI位置，3×3像素阵列分辨了33%的PWSI位置。2008年至2011年期间，佛罗里达州和俄亥俄州的娱乐用水和饮用水源按cyanoHAB频率高于世界卫生组织（WHO）100,000个细胞/毫升的高风险阈值进行排名。该排名确定了高于WHO高阈值的水体，其中佛罗里达州的阿波普卡湖（99.1%）和俄亥俄州的圣玛丽斯大湖（83%）在每个区域的观察到的藻华频率最高。此处提出的方法可能会指出cyanoHAB暴露风险高的地点，因此可用于协助确定娱乐用水和饮用水源管理资源及行动的优先级。
