Department of Psychology,University of California,Los Angeles.
Dev Psychopathol. 2019 Oct;31(4):1237-1253. doi: 10.1017/S0954579418000585.
Childhood maltreatment robustly predicts adolescent externalizing behaviors (EB; e.g., violence, delinquency, substance use) and may crystalize patterns of EB by influencing sensitivity to the social environment (e.g., parenting, friendships). In a nationally representative sample of 9,421 adolescents, we modeled latent growth curves of EB from age 13 to 32 years. Next, we explored whether maltreated youth differed from nonmaltreated youth in their sensitivity to parental closeness, friendship involvement, and polymorphisms from dopamine genes linked to EB (dopamine receptors D2 and D4, dopamine transporter). Overall, maltreated youth had significantly higher levels of EB across adolescence and adulthood; however, maltreated and nonmaltreated youth showed similar patterns of EB change over time: violent behavior decreased in adolescence before stabilizing in adulthood, whereas nonviolent delinquency and substance use increased in adolescence before decreasing in the transition to adulthood. Maltreatment reduced sensitivity to parental closeness and friendship involvement, although patterns varied based on type of EB outcome. Finally, none of the environmental effects on EB were significantly moderated by the dopamine polygenic risk score after accounting for multiple testing. These findings underline the enduring effects of early maltreatment and implicate that maltreatment may contribute to long-term risk for EB by influencing children's sensitivity to social relationship factors in adolescence.
儿童虐待强烈预测青少年的外化行为（EB；例如，暴力、犯罪、药物滥用），并可能通过影响对社会环境的敏感性（例如，父母教养、友谊）来使 EB 模式具体化。在一个具有全国代表性的 9421 名青少年样本中，我们对从 13 岁到 32 岁的 EB 进行了潜在增长曲线建模。接下来，我们探讨了受虐待的青少年与未受虐待的青少年在对父母亲密感、友谊参与以及与 EB 相关的多巴胺基因多态性（多巴胺受体 D2 和 D4、多巴胺转运蛋白）的敏感性方面是否存在差异。总体而言，受虐待的青少年在整个青春期和成年期的 EB 水平明显更高；然而，受虐待和未受虐待的青少年在 EB 变化模式上表现出相似的时间变化：暴力行为在青春期下降，然后在成年期稳定，而非暴力犯罪和药物滥用在青春期增加，然后在向成年期过渡时减少。虐待降低了对父母亲密感和友谊参与的敏感性，尽管模式因 EB 结果的类型而异。最后，在考虑到多次检验后，多巴胺多态性风险评分并没有显著调节 EB 的环境影响。这些发现强调了早期虐待的持久影响，并暗示虐待可能通过影响青少年对社会关系因素的敏感性，导致长期的 EB 风险。
