Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
The Clean Label Project, Denver, CO, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Feb 15;651(Pt 1):822-827. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.026. Epub 2018 Sep 4.
Data is limited on lead and cadmium contamination in baby food, a population uniquely susceptible to the toxic effects of heavy metals. The goal of this study was to examine lead and cadmium concentrations in a large convenience sample of US baby foods. We identified the number of baby food product samples that exceeded US FDA and California Proposition 65 limits for daily lead consumption across a range of servings/calories, and the number of samples that exceeded World Health Organization and California Proposition 65 limits for daily cadmium consumption across a range of servings/calories. In total, 564 baby foods were tested across infant and toddler formula, cereals, meals, juices/drinks, jars, pouches, snacks, and electrolyte water. ICP-MS analysis of lead and cadmium was completed using a modified version of EPA method 6020A. Samples were analyzed using kinetic energy distribution mode. Lead was detected in 37% of samples (median = non-detect, 75% = 5.6, maximum = 183.6 μg/kg), and cadmium in 57% (25% = non-detect, median = 2.8, 75% = 9.5, maximum = 103.90 μg/kg). Of 91 infant formula samples, none exceeded FDA lead consumption guidelines in 31 oz, but 22% exceeded the Proposition 65 lead guidelines, 23% exceeded the Proposition 65 cadmium guidelines, and 14% exceeded the WHO tolerable cadmium intake levels for a four-month-old baby. In the solid baby food samples, 1% exceeded FDA lead guidelines in two servings (26% exceeded CA Proposition 65 limits), 3% in 300 cal (34% exceeded CA Proposition 65 limits). For cadmium, 6% exceeded Proposition 65 guidelines in two servings, 8% in 300 cal. There was no association between whether the product was certified organic and its heavy metal concentration. Products containing rice were higher in both lead and cadmium concentrations. Further research is needed to understand the long-term health effects of this chronic daily low level heavy metal exposure in babies.
关于婴儿食品中铅和镉的污染数据有限，而婴儿群体对重金属的毒性作用特别敏感。本研究的目的是检测美国大量婴儿食品中的铅和镉浓度。我们确定了在不同份量/卡路里下，超过美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）和加利福尼亚州第 65 号提案（Proposition 65）规定的每日铅摄入量的婴儿食品样品数量，以及在不同份量/卡路里下，超过世界卫生组织（WHO）和加利福尼亚州第 65 号提案规定的每日镉摄入量的婴儿食品样品数量。总共有 564 种婴儿食品接受了婴儿配方奶粉、谷类食品、餐食、果汁/饮料、罐、袋、零食和电解质水的测试。使用 EPA 方法 6020A 的修改版本完成了对铅和镉的 ICP-MS 分析。样品采用动能分布模式进行分析。在 37%的样品中检测到铅（中位数为未检出，75%为 5.6，最大值为 183.6μg/kg），57%的样品中检测到镉（25%为未检出，中位数为 2.8，75%为 9.5，最大值为 103.90μg/kg）。在 91 种婴儿配方奶粉样本中，没有一种样本在 31 盎司时超过 FDA 铅摄入量指南，但 22%的样本超过了第 65 号提案的铅含量指南，23%的样本超过了第 65 号提案的镉含量指南，14%的样本超过了对四个月大婴儿可耐受的镉摄入量水平。在固体婴儿食品样本中，1%的样本在两份时超过 FDA 铅含量指南（26%的样本超过了加利福尼亚州第 65 号提案的限制），3%的样本在 300 卡路里时超过（34%的样本超过了加利福尼亚州第 65 号提案的限制）。对于镉，有 6%的样本在两份时超过了第 65 号提案的指南，8%的样本在 300 卡路里时超过。产品是否经过有机认证与其重金属浓度之间没有关联。含大米的产品铅和镉浓度都较高。需要进一步研究以了解婴儿长期接触这种慢性低水平重金属的健康影响。
