Biagioli Valentina, Sortino Vincenzo, Falsaperla Raffaele, Striano Pasquale
Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy.
Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico "Rodolico-San Marco", San Marco Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
Children (Basel). 2024 Nov 30;11(12):1476. doi: 10.3390/children11121476.
Human milk (HM) is recognized as an ideal source of nutrition for newborns; as a result, its multiple bioactive molecules can support the growth of healthy newborns and reduce the risk of mortality and diseases such as asthma, respiratory infections, diabetes (type 1 and 2), and gastrointestinal disorders such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Furthermore, it can reduce the severity of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. Moreover, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) present in breast milk show an immunomodulatory, prebiotic, and neurodevelopmental effect that supports the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
This study examined the state-of-the-art research, using keywords such as "breastfeeding", "human milk oligosaccharides", "microbiota-gut-brain axis", "infants", and "malnutrition". The literature review was conducted by selecting articles between 2013 and 2024, as the most recent ones. The databases used were Web Science, PubMed, and Scopus.
We found multiple studies examining the composition of HM and infant formula (IF). However, further longitudinal studies and randomized control trials (RCTs) are needed to better understand the clinical outcomes that bioactive components exert on healthy and hospitalized children and how, in conditions of malnutrition, it is necessary to support the growth of the newborn.
In this review, we affirm the importance of human milk and, through it, the modulation of the microbiota and the neuroprotective role in newborns, determining the health of the following years of life.
母乳被认为是新生儿理想的营养来源；因此，其多种生物活性分子可支持健康新生儿的生长，并降低死亡风险以及哮喘、呼吸道感染、糖尿病（1型和2型）等疾病，还有溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩病等胃肠道疾病的发生风险。此外，它还能降低早产儿坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）的严重程度。而且，母乳中含有的母乳低聚糖（HMOs）具有免疫调节、益生元和神经发育作用，可支持微生物群 - 肠 - 脑轴。
本研究使用“母乳喂养”“母乳低聚糖”“微生物群 - 肠 - 脑轴”“婴儿”和“营养不良”等关键词，对最新研究进行了审查。通过选取2013年至2024年间的文章进行文献综述，这些是最新的文章。使用的数据库有Web of Science、PubMed和Scopus。
我们发现多项研究探讨了母乳和婴儿配方奶粉（IF）的成分。然而，需要进一步的纵向研究和随机对照试验（RCT），以更好地了解生物活性成分对健康儿童和住院儿童产生的临床结果，以及在营养不良的情况下，如何支持新生儿的生长。
在本综述中，我们肯定了母乳的重要性，以及通过母乳对微生物群的调节作用和对新生儿的神经保护作用，这决定了其未来几年的健康状况。
