Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7621, USA.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2019 Mar;188(1):35-44. doi: 10.1007/s12011-018-1529-1. Epub 2018 Sep 26.
This paper provides an overview of research that has been conducted with manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and boron (B) in poultry, swine, and ruminants. Manganese is an essential trace mineral that functions as an enzyme component and enzyme activator. A deficiency of Mn results in a variety of bone abnormalities, and Mn deficiency signs have been observed under practical conditions in poultry and cattle. Chromium can potentiate the action of insulin, but whether Cr is an essential trace mineral is controversial. Insulin sensitivity has been enhanced by Cr in cattle, swine, and broilers. Responses to Cr supplementation have been variable. Production responses to Cr supplementation have been most consistent in animals exposed to various stressors (heat, cold, weaning, etc). The legality of supplementing Cr to animal diets varies among countries, Cr sources, and animal species. A specific biochemical function for Ni and B has not been identified in mammals. Signs of Ni deficiency have been produced experimentally in a number of animal species. Nickel may affect rumen microbial fermentation in ruminants, as Ni is a component of bacterial urease and cofactor F in methanogenic bacteria. There is little evidence that dietary Ni limits animal production under practical conditions. Beneficial effects of B supplementation on growth and bone strength have been seen in poultry and swine, but results have been variable.
本文概述了在禽类、猪和反刍动物中进行的关于锰（Mn）、铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）和硼（B）的研究。锰是一种必需的微量元素，作为酶的组成部分和酶激活剂发挥作用。锰缺乏会导致多种骨骼异常，并且在禽类和牛中实际条件下观察到了锰缺乏的迹象。铬可以增强胰岛素的作用，但铬是否是一种必需的微量元素存在争议。铬已被证明可以提高牛、猪和肉鸡的胰岛素敏感性。对铬补充的反应各不相同。在暴露于各种应激源（热、冷、断奶等）的动物中，铬补充的生产反应最为一致。向动物日粮中补充铬的合法性因国家、铬源和动物种类而异。哺乳动物中尚未确定 Ni 和 B 的具体生化功能。在许多动物物种中，已通过实验产生了 Ni 缺乏的迹象。镍可能会影响反刍动物瘤胃微生物发酵，因为镍是细菌脲酶的组成部分，也是产甲烷菌中辅因子 F 的组成部分。几乎没有证据表明在实际条件下，日粮中的 Ni 会限制动物的生产。在禽类和猪中，硼补充对生长和骨骼强度有有益的影响，但结果各不相同。
