Yon Lisa, Duff J Paul, Ågren Erik O, Erdélyi Károly, Ferroglio Ezio, Godfroid Jacques, Hars Jean, Hestvik Gete, Horton Daniel, Kuiken Thijs, Lavazza Antonio, Markowska-Daniel Iwona, Martel An, Neimanis Aleksija, Pasmans Frank, Price Stephen J, Ruiz-Fons Francisco, Ryser-Degiorgis Marie-Pierre, Widén Frederik, Gavier-Widén Dolores
1 School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
2 Animal and Plant Health Agency Diseases of Wildlife Scheme (APHA DoWS), Penrith, Cumbria CA11 9RR, UK.
J Wildl Dis. 2019 Jan;55(1):3-43. doi: 10.7589/2017-07-172. Epub 2018 Oct 4.
Many infectious diseases originating from, or carried by, wildlife affect wildlife conservation and biodiversity, livestock health, or human health. We provide an update on changes in the epidemiology of 25 selected infectious, wildlife-related diseases in Europe (from 2010-16) that had an impact, or may have a future impact, on the health of wildlife, livestock, and humans. These pathogens were selected based on their: 1) identification in recent Europe-wide projects as important surveillance targets, 2) inclusion in European Union legislation as pathogens requiring obligatory surveillance, 3) presence in recent literature on wildlife-related diseases in Europe since 2010, 4) inclusion in key pathogen lists released by the Office International des Epizooties, 5) identification in conference presentations and informal discussions on a group email list by a European network of wildlife disease scientists from the European Wildlife Disease Association, or 6) identification as pathogens with changes in their epidemiology during 2010-16. The wildlife pathogens or diseases included in this review are: avian influenza virus, seal influenza virus, lagoviruses, rabies virus, bat lyssaviruses, filoviruses, canine distemper virus, morbilliviruses in aquatic mammals, bluetongue virus, West Nile virus, hantaviruses, Schmallenberg virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, African swine fever virus, amphibian ranavirus, hepatitis E virus, bovine tuberculosis ( Mycobacterium bovis), tularemia ( Francisella tularensis), brucellosis ( Brucella spp.), salmonellosis ( Salmonella spp.), Coxiella burnetii, chytridiomycosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Leishmania infantum, and chronic wasting disease. Further work is needed to identify all of the key drivers of disease change and emergence, as they appear to be influencing the incidence and spread of these pathogens in Europe. We present a summary of these recent changes during 2010-16 to discuss possible commonalities and drivers of disease change and to identify directions for future work on wildlife-related diseases in Europe. Many of the pathogens are entering Europe from other continents while others are expanding their ranges inside and beyond Europe. Surveillance for these wildlife-related diseases at a continental scale is therefore important for planet-wide assessment, awareness of, and preparedness for the risks they may pose to wildlife, domestic animal, and human health.
许多源自野生动物或由野生动物携带的传染病会影响野生动物保护和生物多样性、家畜健康或人类健康。我们提供了欧洲25种选定的与野生动物相关的传染病（2010 - 2016年）流行病学变化的最新情况，这些疾病已经或可能对野生动物、家畜和人类的健康产生影响。选择这些病原体是基于以下几点：1）在近期全欧洲项目中被确定为重要监测目标；2）被纳入欧盟立法中作为需要强制监测的病原体；3）自2010年以来在欧洲近期有关野生动物相关疾病的文献中出现；4）被列入国际兽疫局发布的关键病原体清单；5）在欧洲野生动物疾病科学家组成的欧洲野生动物疾病协会网络的会议报告和通过群组电子邮件列表进行的非正式讨论中被提及；6）被确定为在2010 - 2016年期间流行病学发生变化的病原体。本综述中包括的野生动物病原体或疾病有：禽流感病毒、海豹流感病毒、兔出血症病毒、狂犬病病毒、蝙蝠狂犬病病毒、丝状病毒、犬瘟热病毒、水生哺乳动物中的麻疹病毒、蓝舌病毒、西尼罗河病毒、汉坦病毒、施马伦贝格病毒、克里米亚 - 刚果出血热病毒、非洲猪瘟病毒、两栖类蛙病毒、戊型肝炎病毒、牛结核病（牛分枝杆菌）、土拉菌病（土拉弗朗西斯菌）、布鲁氏菌病（布鲁氏菌属）、沙门氏菌病（沙门氏菌属）、伯氏考克斯氏体、壶菌病、多房棘球绦虫、婴儿利什曼原虫和慢性消耗病。需要进一步开展工作来确定疾病变化和出现的所有关键驱动因素，因为它们似乎正在影响这些病原体在欧洲的发病率和传播。我们呈现了2010 - 2016年期间这些近期变化的总结，以讨论疾病变化可能的共性和驱动因素，并确定欧洲未来野生动物相关疾病研究的方向。许多病原体正从其他大陆进入欧洲，而其他一些病原体则在欧洲内外扩大其分布范围。因此，在大陆尺度上对这些与野生动物相关的疾病进行监测，对于全球范围内评估它们可能对野生动物、家畜和人类健康构成的风险、提高认识以及做好防范准备都很重要。
