Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0806, USA; email:
Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2019 Feb 15;7:245-262. doi: 10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115300. Epub 2018 Oct 4.
Exosomes are natural nanoparticles that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. Communication is achieved through the transfer of cargos, such as microRNAs, from donor to recipient cells and binding of exosomes to cell surface receptors. Exosomes and their cargos are also obtained from dietary sources, such as milk. Exosome and cell glycoproteins are crucial for intestinal uptake. A large fraction of milk exosomes accumulates in the brain, whereas the tissue distribution of microRNA cargos varies among distinct species of microRNA. The fraction of milk exosomes that escapes absorption elicits changes in microbial communities in the gut. Dietary depletion of exosomes and their cargos causes a loss of circulating microRNAs and elicits phenotypes such as loss of cognitive performance, increase in purine metabolites, loss of fecundity, and changes in the immune response. Milk exosomes meet the definition of bioactive food compounds.
外泌体是天然的纳米颗粒，在细胞间通讯中发挥着重要作用。通过供体细胞向受体细胞传递 cargo，如 microRNAs，并结合外泌体与细胞表面受体来实现通讯。外泌体及其 cargo 也可以从饮食来源中获得，如牛奶。外泌体和细胞糖蛋白对于肠道摄取至关重要。大量的牛奶外泌体在大脑中积累，而不同物种的 microRNA 之间的 microRNA 货物的组织分布则有所不同。逃避吸收的牛奶外泌体的一部分会引起肠道微生物群落的变化。外泌体及其 cargo 的饮食消耗会导致循环 microRNAs 的损失，并引起认知表现下降、嘌呤代谢物增加、生育能力丧失和免疫反应改变等表型。牛奶外泌体符合生物活性食物化合物的定义。
