Division of Clinical Psychology and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, International Psychoanalytic University, Stromstrasse 1, D-10555 Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 2, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 60/62, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.
Division of Clinical Psychology and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, International Psychoanalytic University, Stromstrasse 1, D-10555 Berlin, Germany; Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 60/62, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019 Jul;105:51-63. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.029. Epub 2018 Sep 22.
Using vehicles with engaged automated driving systems (ADS) ('highly automated driving', HAD) will substantially impact on future society's mobility, yet the current understanding of human psychobiology related to HAD is still limited. Hence, we synthesized evidence on the psychobiology of subjects using HAD, informing an integrative model of the psychobiology of HAD, and providing guidance for reporting future research on this topic. We included (non-)randomized studies assessing human peripheral biology markers of in-vehicle-users in real or simulated driving environments, using vehicles with vs. without engaged ADS, published in English until April 2018. We systematically searched Web of Science, SCOPUS, and PubMed. The search consisted of a combination of terms describing HAD and psychobiological parameters. Risk of bias was assessed regarding randomization, blinding, incomplete outcome data, selective outcome reporting, and other potential causes. We extracted data using predefined data fields. Four out of five studies included in this review (N = 194 subjects) reported associations of use of vehicles with vs. without engaged ADS with various psychobiological parameters, including heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), indicators of electrodermal activity (EDA), and masseter electromyography (EMG). Heart rate tended to be reduced during HAD along with increased EDA and EMG, with no clear indication for changes in RSA. We cannot exclude substantial risk of bias, among others because the status of engagement of ADS was mostly non-randomized. Yet, findings suggest that HAD goes along with tractable changes in peripheral biology. Informed by the conceptual endophenotype approach (Hellhammer et al., 2018, Psychoneuroendocrinology), we propose the Embodied Driving (EMBODD) model that describes how HAD reshapes vehicle use experience, and highlight how to make future ADS equipped vehicles successful regarding user's health. Based on the review, we suggest reporting guidelines for future research on the psychobiology of HAD.
使用配备有主动驾驶系统（ADS）的交通工具（“高度自动化驾驶”，HAD）将对未来社会的交通方式产生重大影响，但目前对与 HAD 相关的人类心理生物学的理解仍然有限。因此，我们综合了有关使用 HAD 的受试者的心理生物学证据，构建了 HAD 的心理生物学综合模型，并为该主题的未来研究报告提供了指导。我们纳入了（非）随机研究，评估了在配备或未配备主动驾驶系统的车辆中，在真实或模拟驾驶环境中车内使用者的人体外周生物学标志物，这些研究发表于 2018 年 4 月前的英语期刊上。我们系统地检索了 Web of Science、SCOPUS 和 PubMed。检索词包括描述 HAD 和心理生物学参数的组合。我们根据随机化、盲法、不完整结局数据、选择性结局报告和其他潜在原因评估了偏倚风险。我们使用预定义的数据字段提取数据。本综述纳入的五项研究中的四项（N=194 名受试者）报告了使用配备与未配备主动驾驶系统的车辆与各种心理生物学参数之间的关联，包括心率、呼吸窦性心律失常（RSA）、皮肤电活动（EDA）和咀嚼肌肌电图（EMG）的指标。在 HAD 期间，心率往往会降低，同时 EDA 和 EMG 增加，而 RSA 没有明显变化的迹象。我们不能排除存在重大偏倚风险，部分原因是 ADS 的启用状态大多是非随机的。然而，研究结果表明，HAD 伴随着外周生物学的可追踪变化。根据概念内表型方法（Hellhammer 等人，2018 年，心理神经内分泌学），我们提出了描述 HAD 如何重塑车辆使用体验的 Embodied Driving（EMBODD）模型，并强调了如何使未来配备主动驾驶系统的车辆在用户健康方面取得成功。基于综述，我们为 HAD 的心理生物学未来研究提出了报告指南。
